Foundation analysis · Cross-Pillar Governance
Foundation draft · Not enacted law
An omnibus federal restoration and continuity framework that reviews unlawful or harmful rollback actions, reasserts congressional control over spending and administration, rebuilds public institutions, restores rights and safeguards, and creates long-term oversight, remediation, and fiscal mechanisms.
Model Federal Legislative Package
Model federal legislative package · 26,384 words · 24 titles
Foundation model docket. Identifiers and proposed referrals are internal and are not official congressional or legislative assignments.
A guide to this proposal
The act treats democratic resilience as public infrastructure: a neutral restoration review, enforceable anti-impoundment rules, protected civil service, auditable public efficiency, voting and civil-rights floors, data and environmental safeguards, agency reconstitution, restitution, and 3-, 7-, and 15-year review.
Analysis is commentary. Model text is a proposal. Fiscal scenarios, where provided, are illustrative.
Foundation Analysis
The package is best understood as an omnibus governance platform: it pairs retrospective review of covered rollback actions with prospective rules intended to make public institutions harder to dismantle without law, evidence, process, and accountability.
In plain language: The act treats democratic resilience as public infrastructure: a neutral restoration review, enforceable anti-impoundment rules, protected civil service, auditable public efficiency, voting and civil-rights floors, data and environmental safeguards, agency reconstitution, restitution, and 3-, 7-, and 15-year review.
Its strongest structural choice is process rather than blanket reversal. A conduct-based inventory, public classifications, reliance analysis, due process, judicial review, and severability make the restoration mechanism more administrable and less overtly partisan.
Twenty-four titles create major coordination demands across new bodies, existing agencies, States, Tribes, courts, inspectors general, and companion legislation. Hiring, data interoperability, grant deployment, litigation, and institutional overlap are the principal delivery risks.
The packet candidly identifies its highest-risk areas: removal protections, broad election rules, Clean Water Act scope, administrative deference, major-questions limits, foreign-affairs reporting, and systemwide judicial remedies. Those provisions require current Supreme Court and legislative-counsel review before introduction.
The fiscal note models a five-year base cost of about $1.38 trillion and a ten-year base cost of about $2.53 trillion, led by USAID, grid, environmental, claims, and restoration-fund authorizations. The figures are scenarios, not a CBO or JCT score, and the proposed offsets should be treated conservatively.
the draft provides a serious systems map and a coherent restoration theory, but introduction-ready legislation would likely require a conforming crosswalk, official scoring, present-day constitutional review, and separation into authorization, appropriations, reconciliation, and companion-measure tracks.
Model legislation for policy development; not enacted law or legal advice. Analysis reflects the supplied July 2026 packet and should be refreshed against current law before legislative use.
Full Text
Read the legislation.
Model Federal Legislative Package
Prepared in legislative-counsel format
July 2026
Counsel’s Overview
Executive Summary of the Bill
A Bill
Title I - General Provisions (Secs. 101-112)
Title II - American Restoration Review and Rollback Inventory (Secs. 201-212)
Title III - Congressional Power of the Purse, Lawful Administration, and Separation of Powers (Secs. 301-312)
Title IV - Merit Civil Service and Public Capacity (Secs. 401-411)
Title V - Office of Public Efficiency and Integrity (Secs. 501-513)
Title VI - Democratic Participation and Election Restoration (Secs. 601-610)
Title VII - Civil Rights, Equal Dignity, and Lawful Equal Opportunity (Secs. 701-715)
Title VIII - Immigration, Asylum, Refugee, and Family-Unity Restoration (Secs. 801-814)
Title IX - Climate, Clean Air, and Environmental Health Restoration (Secs. 901-916)
Title X - Clean Water, Public Lands, Oceans, Wildlife, and Tribal Stewardship (Secs. 1001-1018)
Title XI - Clean Energy, Grid Modernization, and Responsible Data-Center Development (Secs. 1101-1120)
Title XII - Digital Privacy, Data Brokers, and Government Surveillance (Secs. 1201-1214)
Title XIII - Education, Research, and Knowledge Institutions (Secs. 1301-1312)
Title XIV - Public Health, Science, and Health-Agency Restoration (Secs. 1401-1415)
Title XV - Workers, Consumers, Housing, and Fair Economic Administration (Secs. 1501-1515)
Title XVI - Trade, Tariffs, and Economic Emergency Powers (Secs. 1601-1610)
Title XVII - USAID, Humanitarian Leadership, Global Health, and Soft Power (Secs. 1701-1716)
Title XVIII - Sovereign Foreign Policy, Security Assistance, and Human Rights (Secs. 1801-1818)
Title XIX - Administrative Law, Agency Expertise, and Judicial Remedies (Secs. 1901-1914)
Title XX - Anti-Corruption, Foreign Bribery, Records, and Public Integrity (Secs. 2001-2016)
Title XXI - Remediation, Restitution, and Transitional Justice (Secs. 2101-2114)
Title XXII - Restoration and Resilience Fund; Fiscal Responsibility (Secs. 2201-2210)
Title XXIII - Implementation, Oversight, Data, and Performance (Secs. 2301-2312)
Title XXIV - Long-Term Review, Anti-Backsliding Procedures, Effective Dates, and Savings (Secs. 2401-2410)
Schedule A - Initial Covered Action Categories
Section-by-Section Commentary
Constitutional and Legal-Risk Analysis
Preliminary Fiscal Note
Implementation Roadmap
Stakeholder and Incentive Analysis
Plain-Language Summary and Frequently Asked Questions
Research Basis and Selected Primary Sources
Quality-Check
This document is a model United States federal bill, prepared in legislative-counsel form. It is designed to restore constitutional government, civil rights, scientific integrity, public capacity, environmental protection, international leadership, and democratic resilience after destructive executive, administrative, budgetary, and regulatory actions taken during the periods beginning January 20, 2017, and January 20, 2025, and after materially similar actions by any administration.
The bill does not punish a political party, administration, officeholder, or viewpoint. It uses conduct-based standards that apply prospectively to every administration. It does not purport to erase final judgments of Article III courts, cancel vested property rights without due process, impose a legislative veto, or bind a future Congress against ordinary amendment or repeal. Where a judicial decision construes a statute, this Act changes the statutory rule to the extent constitutionally permissible. Where a decision announces a constitutional rule, this Act operates within that rule and supplies narrower statutory protections, procedures, remedies, and express delegations.
The Act does six things at once:
Restores agencies, programs, rights, rules, grants, scientific systems, and international capabilities that were unlawfully or recklessly disabled.
Reviews every covered rollback action through a public, time-limited inventory and adjudication process rather than relying on an incomplete list of named orders.
Repairs the legal weak points that permitted abrupt dismantling, impoundment, partisan civil-service conversion, unlogged access to sensitive data, and ideologically selective grant cancellation.
Rebuilds public capacity, including USAID, the Department of Education, EPA, HHS, labor and consumer enforcement, civil-rights offices, inspectors general, and independent statistical and scientific functions.
Creates durable public-interest floors for voting, privacy, data centers, public lands, clean air and water, asylum and refugee protection, human rights in security assistance, and congressional control over spending, tariffs, emergencies, and military integration.
Requires a 15-year comprehensive review without an automatic sunset, with earlier performance reviews in years 3 and 7.
Jurisdiction: United States federal government.
Effective date: generally 180 days after enactment, with emergency restorations effective immediately.
Enforcement: primarily administrative and civil; criminal liability is reserved for knowing corruption, obstruction, falsification, destruction of records, unlawful data access, or intentional rights violations already punishable under law or expressly defined in this Act.
Review period: January 20, 2017 through January 20, 2021, and January 20, 2025 through enactment, plus materially similar future actions.
Funding: authorizations are stated in constant 2026 dollars and remain subject to annual appropriations except where mandatory spending is expressly provided.
This Act is drafted as an omnibus restoration and continuity statute, not as a replacement for specialized legislation previously developed in this project. The following allocation of subject matter is intended to prevent duplication:
American Vote Act. Principally governs comprehensive Federal election access, registration, early and mail voting, audits, election security, anti-deception, preclearance, and campaign-finance architecture. This Act repeals hostile Federal actions, creates an interim national floor, restores election-administration capacity, and provides that the American Vote Act controls where stronger.
Transparent Government Act. Principally governs the public accountability portal, influence contacts, citizen questions, records, lobbying, conflicts, whistleblowers, and independent integrity enforcement. This Act uses that portal and integrity architecture by cross-reference and adds restoration-specific disclosures and anti-impoundment records.
FAITH Act. Principally governs freedom of conscience, institutional religious accountability, safeguarding, religion-politics safeguards, and religious-data protections. This Act preserves religious neutrality and individual conscience without duplicating institutional religious regulation.
America’s Nature Act; American Environment Act; RESPONSIBILITY Act. Principally govern permanent conservation, restoration, pollution liability, environmental crimes, and ecological enforcement. This Act restores Federal baselines, agency capacity, public lands, and air and water safeguards; the specialized environmental duties remain controlling.
Enlightenment Act; $450 Education Act. Principally govern education investment, teachers, facilities, evidence systems, tutoring, career pathways, and student supports. This Act restores the Department of Education, civil-rights enforcement, education statistics, grants, and continuity needed to administer those Acts.
Human Species Well-Being and Cognitive Liberty Act. Principally governs cognitive liberty, humane design, access to nature and movement, sleep, attention, surveillance limits, and the right to disconnect. This Act supplies an immediate Federal privacy and anti-surveillance floor; the specialized Act controls broader human-well-being policy.
American Health Act. Principally governs comprehensive health coverage, delivery, affordability, and public-health system reform. This Act restores HHS, health agencies, research, public-health readiness, global health, and evidence capacity without recreating the full health system.
American Dignity Act. Principally governs comprehensive social dignity and basic economic security. This Act restores administrative capacity and nondiscrimination without duplicating benefit entitlements.
Homes for America Act. Principally governs housing supply, affordability, tenant stability, and community development. This Act restores HUD programs and fair-housing enforcement; housing-system details remain in that Act.
BANKING Act; PRICING Act. Principally govern financial-system accountability and price and market fairness. This Act restores CFPB, FTC, antitrust, and enforcement capacity; sector-specific rules remain controlling.
Public Comfort Act. Principally governs public-space management, transit order, diversion, humane enforcement, and biometric constraints. This Act preserves and cross-references its civil-liberties safeguards without duplicating its local operating framework.
Project 2029 integrity measures. Principally govern the Federal data firewall, contractor neutrality, presidential integrity, judicial ethics, and independent integrity counsel. This Act establishes emergency minimums and a transition bridge; specialized integrity enactments control once effective.
The American Restoration Act establishes a Restoration Review Council, a public rollback inventory, enforceable anti-impoundment rules, a protected merit civil service, and a new Office of Public Efficiency and Integrity to replace ad hoc DOGE structures. It restores voting access, civil-rights enforcement, asylum and refugee systems, environmental and climate protections, USAID and global health, education and scientific institutions, labor and consumer enforcement, and independent oversight.
The Act also creates new forward-looking rules for large data centers, government acquisition of sensitive personal data, public-land leasing, emergency tariffs, security assistance, human-rights compliance, and foreign military integration. A Restoration and Resilience Fund finances transition, remediation, workforce rebuilding, community repair, and data-system modernization. No core title automatically expires. Congress conducts a comprehensive review after 15 years.
To restore constitutional governance, democratic participation, civil rights, scientific integrity, public institutions, clean air and water, protected lands, public health, education, international development and humanitarian leadership, lawful administration, and national sovereignty; to review and remedy covered rollback actions; to prevent recurrence of unlawful impoundment, politicized administration, indiscriminate surveillance, and unaccountable executive dismantling; and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
This Act may be cited as the “American Restoration Act of 2026”.
Congress finds the following:
The Constitution divides legislative, executive, and judicial power so that no President may suspend statutes, withhold enacted appropriations, abolish congressionally created functions, or impose personal political control over the lawful administration of the United States.
The faithful execution of law requires a competent, merit-based, politically neutral civil service; independent inspectors general; reliable public records; protected scientific and statistical functions; and agencies with sufficient personnel and resources to perform statutory duties.
Abrupt policy reversals can impose durable harm when they terminate lifesaving grants, dismantle expertise, expose sensitive data, close access to public benefits, impair elections, weaken environmental standards, abandon international partners, or transfer public assets without adequate review.
The United States has a compelling interest in protecting the right of every eligible citizen to register and vote without unnecessary documentary, financial, geographic, linguistic, disability-related, or administrative burdens.
Equal protection and equal dignity require vigorous enforcement of laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, age, religion, and other protected characteristics, consistent with constitutional limits.
Climate change, toxic pollution, habitat destruction, water scarcity, and poorly planned energy-intensive development impose national economic, security, health, and intergenerational costs.
Large data centers and artificial-intelligence infrastructure can strengthen the economy, but may also impose substantial electricity, water, transmission, air-pollution, land-use, ratepayer, labor, and community burdens unless subject to transparent planning and fair cost allocation.
International development, humanitarian relief, global health, diplomacy, and democratic assistance are instruments of national security and economic leadership that reduce instability, disease, displacement, famine, and strategic dependence on authoritarian states.
Security assistance and military cooperation must remain subject to Congress, the Constitution, human-rights law, end-use monitoring, civilian-protection requirements, and the sovereign interests of the United States, without automatic favoritism or exemptions for any foreign country.
A durable restoration must be prospective and rules-based. It must prevent future administrations of any party from repeating the same forms of unlawful dismantling, selective enforcement, impoundment, data abuse, ideological retaliation, or executive overreach.
The purposes of this Act are:
to identify, suspend, rescind, replace, or remedy covered rollback actions under objective legal and public-interest standards;
to restore statutory programs, agencies, workforces, grants, rules, and international commitments that were unlawfully or recklessly disabled;
to reassert congressional control over appropriations, tariffs, emergencies, agency structure, and long-term military commitments;
to establish durable safeguards for elections, civil rights, privacy, public health, education, workers, consumers, the environment, and scientific integrity;
to create a lawful, professional, transparent government-efficiency institution focused on evidence, service quality, fraud prevention, and long-term public value;
to provide restitution and remediation for persons, communities, employees, grantees, contractors, ecosystems, and institutions harmed by covered rollback actions; and
to preserve stronger protections established by companion legislation, State law, Tribal law, or other Federal law.
Congress enacts this Act pursuant to its powers under article I of the Constitution, including the powers to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, tax and spend for the general welfare, establish rules governing naturalization and bankruptcy, provide for the common defense, regulate the Armed Forces, create inferior offices and departments, protect Federal elections, enforce the Reconstruction Amendments and other constitutional rights, govern Federal property, and make all laws necessary and proper for carrying those powers into execution.
In this Act:
Agency means an Executive department, Government corporation, Government-controlled corporation, independent establishment, or other establishment in the executive branch, including the Executive Office of the President, but excludes Congress and the Federal courts except where expressly stated.
Covered rollback action means an executive order, presidential memorandum, proclamation, management directive, reorganization, reduction in force, impoundment, grant termination, contract termination, regulatory action, enforcement policy, data-access arrangement, personnel classification, litigation position, international withdrawal, public-land disposition, or materially similar action that falls within section 201.
Covered period means January 20, 2017 through January 20, 2021; January 20, 2025 through the date of enactment; and any later period in which a materially similar action is taken.
Restoration action means rescission, reinstatement, reissuance, rulemaking, rehiring, recompetition, compensation, remediation, reprogramming, reorganization, reopening, or other lawful action required to cure a covered rollback action.
Sensitive personal data includes precise geolocation, biometric identifiers, communications content, browsing or search history, health information, reproductive information, financial information, immigration information, education records, disability information, sexual-orientation or gender-identity information, and any data capable of materially exposing a person to surveillance, discrimination, coercion, or physical risk.
Substantial public-interest harm means a material adverse effect on constitutional rights, statutory rights, life or health, environmental quality, public safety, economic security, public services, scientific integrity, democratic participation, national security, foreign relations, or the fiscal interests of the United States.
Restoration Council means the American Restoration Review Council established under section 202.
OPEI means the Office of Public Efficiency and Integrity established under section 501.
Project companion Act means a Federal bill or Act identified in section 108 or designated by Congress as part of the American Restoration legislative package.
Qualified scientific evidence means evidence produced or assessed through transparent, reproducible, professionally accepted methods, with conflicts disclosed and uncertainty honestly characterized.
Political neutrality. This Act shall be administered without regard to the party, ideology, identity, or protected speech of any person. A policy is reviewable because of its legal effect or public-interest harm, not because it was adopted by a conservative, progressive, or other administration.
No regulation of belief. Nothing in this Act authorizes the Federal Government to regulate political, religious, philosophical, or scientific belief as such.
No bill of attainder. No person may be penalized solely because the person served in, advised, donated to, or supported an administration or political movement.
No compelled viewpoint. Federal grants and employment may require lawful performance, nondiscrimination, professional competence, scientific integrity, and program fidelity, but may not require personal ideological affirmation unrelated to those duties.
A restoration action affecting a vested contract, permit, license, lease, grant, property interest, or employment right shall provide notice and an opportunity to be heard commensurate with the affected interest.
Nothing in this Act authorizes a taking without just compensation.
Fraudulently obtained, unlawfully issued, or ultra vires interests are not protected from cancellation merely because a document was executed.
The American Vote Act governs comprehensive election administration and voter-protection requirements.
The Transparent Government Act governs general public-integrity disclosure, citizen-question, influence-contact, and accountability systems.
The FAITH Act governs institutional religious accountability, freedom of conscience, and religion-politics safeguards.
America’s Nature Act, the American Environment Act, and the RESPONSIBILITY Act govern permanent ecological restoration, environmental liability, and environmental-crime provisions.
The Enlightenment Act and the $450 Education Act govern comprehensive education investment and program design.
The Human Species Well-Being and Cognitive Liberty Act governs comprehensive human-capacity and cognitive-liberty protections.
Other project companion Acts govern their specialized subjects. Where a companion Act provides a stronger or more specific protection, remedy, funding rule, or enforcement mechanism, that provision controls.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to preempt or limit a Federal, State, local, or Tribal law providing greater protection for civil rights, voting access, labor, consumers, privacy, public health, the environment, education, or human rights, unless Congress expressly states otherwise.
Nothing in this Act reopens a final judgment between parties except through a procedure otherwise authorized by law.
When a judicial decision rests on the meaning of a statute, Congress may amend that statute prospectively and may apply the amendment to pending cases to the extent constitutionally permissible.
When a judicial decision announces a constitutional limitation, this Act shall be construed to operate within that limitation and to preserve the maximum lawful protection of the public interest.
If any provision of this Act or its application is held invalid, the remainder of the Act and other applications shall not be affected. The court shall preserve any narrower application that remains constitutional and administrable.
An agency may not accomplish indirectly, through a contractor, memorandum, litigation position, reclassification, reorganization, funding condition, data-sharing arrangement, or failure to act, what this Act prohibits directly.
An action during a covered period is a covered rollback action if the Restoration Council determines, by written findings, that the action did one or more of the following:
violated or materially evaded a statute, appropriation, court order, constitutional duty, or binding procedural requirement;
abolished, disabled, transferred, or starved a congressionally created function without statutory authority;
withheld, delayed, conditioned, or redirected appropriated funds contrary to law;
converted merit-protected positions into political or at-will positions without adequate cause and procedure;
imposed an unnecessary material burden on voting, benefits, immigration adjudication, civil rights, health care, education, labor rights, or access to justice;
relied on materially false, suppressed, manipulated, or nontransparent evidence;
eliminated an environmental, public-health, safety, consumer, labor, or civil-rights protection without a reasoned assessment of reliance interests and foreseeable harm;
enabled unauthorized access, aggregation, transfer, or sale of sensitive personal data;
terminated grants, contracts, or enforcement matters based on protected viewpoint, race, sex, religion, national origin, political retaliation, or an unpublished ideological test;
transferred or encumbered Federal land, minerals, water, wildlife, public infrastructure, or other public assets on materially below-market or inadequately reviewed terms;
withdrew from an international institution or program in a manner inconsistent with statute, treaty obligations, appropriations, or a reasoned national-interest assessment;
created a substantial public-interest harm grossly disproportionate to any demonstrated benefit; or
is listed in Schedule A and has not been affirmatively ratified by an Act of Congress enacted after the action.
A lawful policy disagreement, standing alone, is insufficient. The Council must identify the legal defect, evidentiary failure, or substantial public-interest harm supporting its classification.
There is established an independent establishment in the executive branch known as the American Restoration Review Council.
The Council consists of 11 members:
the Comptroller General or designee, serving as nonvoting chair;
the Director of the Office of Management and Budget;
the Attorney General;
the Director of the Office of Personnel Management;
the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs;
one member appointed by the President from a list jointly submitted by State attorneys general;
one member appointed by Tribal governments through a process established by the Secretary of the Interior;
two members appointed by the Speaker and minority leader of the House, one each;
two members appointed by the majority and minority leaders of the Senate, one each.
Appointed members shall have demonstrated expertise in administrative law, civil rights, economics, public administration, science, privacy, environmental protection, foreign affairs, or fiscal oversight, and may not have served as a registered lobbyist or foreign agent during the preceding 3 years.
Terms are 6 years, staggered. Members may be removed only for neglect of duty, malfeasance, incapacity, or substantial violation of ethics rules.
The Council shall maintain an Office of General Counsel, Office of Science and Evidence, Office of Civil Rights Review, Office of Fiscal and Program Integrity, Office of Public Participation, and Office of State and Tribal Affairs.
Within 30 days after enactment, every agency shall preserve all records concerning actions during the covered periods.
Within 90 days, every agency shall submit a machine-readable inventory of potentially covered rollback actions, including:
legal authority asserted;
officials and organizational units responsible;
affected statutes, rules, programs, employees, grants, contracts, data systems, lands, or international commitments;
estimated fiscal and operational effect;
known litigation and compliance status;
affected populations and geographic areas;
reliance interests and vested rights; and
recommended restoration action.
Failure to list an action does not immunize it from review.
Inspectors general, the Government Accountability Office, States, Tribes, local governments, affected persons, unions, grantees, contractors, and the public may nominate actions for review.
The Council may issue a temporary preservation order for not more than 180 days where continuation of an action presents a substantial risk of irreversible harm, destruction of evidence, dissipation of public assets, loss of life, unlawful disclosure of data, or inability to restore a program.
An order may pause implementation, preserve funds, prevent record destruction, suspend new leases or dispositions, or require temporary continuation of a grant or service.
Before issuance, the Council shall obtain a written legal opinion from its General Counsel. Emergency orders may issue without prior hearing but must receive a hearing within 14 days.
An affected person may seek expedited judicial review.
The Council shall evaluate each action under:
statutory and constitutional authority;
compliance with the Administrative Procedure Act and other procedural law;
fidelity to appropriations and congressional purpose;
quality and transparency of evidence;
distributional effects and burdens on protected or vulnerable populations;
effects on life, health, environment, national security, public services, competition, and fiscal sustainability;
reasonable reliance interests;
availability of less harmful alternatives;
administrative feasibility and restoration cost; and
consistency with project companion Acts.
Following notice and opportunity for comment, the Council shall classify an action as:
Void or ultra vires, requiring immediate cessation and referral for corrective action;
Presumptively rescinded, requiring the responsible agency to restore the prior lawful baseline unless it completes replacement rulemaking within 270 days;
Remediable, requiring specified corrective steps, compensation, safeguards, or renewed review;
Lawful but superseded, meaning Congress has established a different prospective rule in this Act;
Lawful and retained, supported by substantial evidence and consistent with this Act; or
Unresolved, requiring further record development.
Within 30 days after a final classification, the responsible agency shall publish a restoration plan with deadlines, responsible officials, budget needs, legal instruments, workforce needs, and measurable outcomes.
A restoration order may require:
reinstatement or reissuance of a rule, guidance, grant, contract, designation, program, advisory committee, scientific report, or international activity;
lawful rehiring, priority reemployment, or compensation;
new notice-and-comment rulemaking;
reopening of applications, claims, permits, benefits, or enforcement matters;
environmental or community remediation;
deletion, segregation, or return of unlawfully obtained data;
repayment or reobligation of funds;
restitution to affected persons; and
referral to an inspector general, the Office of Special Counsel, the Department of Justice, or Congress.
An agency may propose an equivalent or stronger alternative. The Council may approve the alternative only by written findings.
An agency head may request a temporary waiver where compliance would create an imminent and substantial threat to life, national security, cybersecurity, financial stability, or disaster response.
A waiver must be narrowly tailored, published to the maximum extent possible, and expire after 60 days unless renewed by the Council after public findings.
No waiver may authorize torture, discrimination, suspension of habeas corpus, unlawful surveillance, or expenditure of funds without appropriation.
The Council shall maintain a searchable, accessible, machine-readable public portal containing the inventory, nominations, evidence summaries, hearing materials, classifications, restoration plans, implementation status, spending, litigation, and outcome measures. Classified and personally identifying information shall be protected, but each withholding shall be logged and periodically reviewed.
A petition demonstrating a plausible covered rollback action shall receive an initial determination within 45 days.
A petition supported by 5 or more States, 10 or more Tribal governments, or 50,000 verified affected persons shall receive priority review and a public hearing, absent a written finding that the petition is duplicative or facially outside the Act.
Retaliation against a petitioner is prohibited.
A person suffering legal wrong from a final Council order may seek review in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or the circuit where the principal injury occurred. The court shall review legal questions de novo and factual findings for substantial evidence.
The initial inventory shall be complete within 12 months.
High-risk actions affecting life, voting, civil rights, sensitive data, public lands, appropriated funds, or international humanitarian operations shall be reviewed within 18 months.
All other inventoried actions shall receive a final classification within 36 months, unless Congress extends the deadline for a specified category.
An officer or employee shall obligate and expend budget authority in accordance with the purpose, amount, period of availability, and conditions enacted by Congress.
Policy disagreement with Congress is not a lawful basis to withhold funds.
No Executive order, management memorandum, apportionment footnote, or administrative delay may amend or nullify an appropriation.
The Comptroller General may bring a civil action to compel obligation or expenditure of unlawfully withheld funds.
A State, Tribe, local government, grantee, contractor, beneficiary, or other intended recipient suffering concrete injury may seek declaratory and injunctive relief after 15 days’ notice to the Comptroller General.
Courts shall expedite actions under this section and may order provisional obligation to prevent expiration of budget authority.
Knowing concealment of an impoundment from Congress is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $250,000 per responsible official, adjusted for inflation, after notice and hearing.
A proposed rescission or deferral has no legal effect unless authorized under the Impoundment Control Act.
Transfers and reprogrammings above thresholds established in appropriations law require advance notice to the appropriations committees and may not be divided to evade a threshold.
No agency shall terminate an entire statutory program by transferring its personnel, records, or funds elsewhere.
Before closing an agency office, field location, laboratory, data series, grant program, or service channel that Congress has funded, the agency shall provide 90 days’ public notice, a continuity plan, a workforce-impact statement, and an explanation of statutory authority. Congress may enact a law altering or prohibiting the proposed action during that period. Nothing in this section creates a one-House or committee legislative veto.
An independent agency shall submit significant regulatory actions for centralized review only to the extent consistent with its organic statute and independence.
The President may request coordination and may require public explanation, but may not direct an adjudicatory result, enforcement outcome, licensing decision, monetary-policy decision, or other function Congress made independent.
Removal protections remain governed by the Constitution and applicable statutes.
An Inspector General may be removed or transferred only after 30 days’ notice to Congress stating specific, verifiable reasons.
During the notice period, the Inspector General remains in office unless a court finds continued service presents an imminent threat to national security or evidence integrity.
An acting Inspector General must be a senior career official from an Inspector General office and may serve not more than 210 days without Senate confirmation.
Withholding access to agency records from an Inspector General requires a written claim of privilege or statutory prohibition, transmitted to Congress and subject to expedited judicial review.
A national emergency declared after enactment expires after 30 days unless Congress approves it by joint resolution.
An approved emergency expires after one year unless renewed by Congress.
Each emergency action must identify the specific statutory power used, estimated cost, affected rights, geographic scope, and exit conditions.
Emergency powers may not be used to impose a general tariff, suspend appropriations, alter Federal election eligibility, or abolish an agency unless a statute expressly authorizes that action.
A directive of general applicability may not bind the public or materially alter rights, benefits, duties, grants, contracts, or enforcement unless published in the Federal Register or otherwise made publicly accessible as required by law. Secret law is prohibited.
Official business conducted through personal accounts, encrypted platforms, or disappearing-message applications must be forwarded to an official recordkeeping system within 24 hours.
Agencies shall deploy automatic preservation tools and immutable audit logs.
Knowing destruction, concealment, or falsification of a record material to oversight, litigation, benefits, grants, procurement, or enforcement is referred for prosecution under applicable law.
No person may perform the exclusive functions and duties of a Senate-confirmed office beyond the time allowed by the Federal Vacancies Reform Act.
Repeated redesignation, delegation, title alteration, or use of a special-government-employee status may not evade confirmation requirements.
An action taken by an unlawfully serving official is voidable at the request of a person adversely affected, subject to equitable considerations and protection of innocent reliance interests.
Agency heads shall respond to lawful congressional requests by the deadline specified or provide a written privilege claim identifying the legal basis and custodian.
Appropriated funds may not be used to instruct an employee to disregard a lawful subpoena without a written opinion of the Attorney General.
Whistleblowers retain the right to communicate with Congress.
The Comptroller General, Inspectors General, Office of Special Counsel, Office of Government Ethics, and Attorney General shall establish protocols for rapid referral of impoundment, records, vacancy, retaliation, and ultra vires administration cases.
The Federal civil service shall be administered according to merit, competence, political neutrality, equal opportunity, veterans’ preference, due process, and faithful execution of law.
Any executive order, rule, or personnel action creating Schedule F, Schedule Policy/Career, or a materially similar category that removes ordinary civil-service protections because an employee influences policy is rescinded and without effect.
A position may be excepted from the competitive service only under a category authorized by statute or by a rule demonstrating a genuine operational necessity unrelated to political loyalty.
Employees converted, reassigned, or removed under a prohibited category are entitled to restoration review, priority reemployment, back pay where authorized, and a neutral adjudication.
Before a reduction in force affecting 50 or more employees or 10 percent of an organizational unit, an agency shall publish:
the statutory mission analysis;
workload and service-level data;
alternatives considered;
effects on civil rights, public health, safety, science, cybersecurity, inspections, grants, and field services;
costs of separation, rehiring, contracting, delay, and lost expertise;
bargaining obligations; and
a continuity and reconstitution plan.
No reduction may be based on protected speech, party affiliation, lawful whistleblowing, scientific conclusions, or refusal to execute an unlawful order.
Career employees are entitled to notice, disclosure of evidence, a meaningful opportunity to respond, a reasoned decision by an impartial official, and review by the Merit Systems Protection Board or other lawful forum.
An agency may place an employee on paid nonduty status during a genuine emergency, subject to review within 15 days.
Political disagreement is not cause for removal.
OMB, in consultation with GAO and agency Inspectors General, shall establish workload-based staffing floors for civil-rights enforcement, food and drug safety, disease surveillance, aviation and rail safety, nuclear security, environmental enforcement, benefits processing, tax administration, asylum adjudication, election assistance, statistics, cybersecurity, and oversight. An agency may depart from a floor only through a public risk finding and continuity plan.
A scientific or statistical conclusion may not be altered by a political official without a public, signed explanation identifying the evidence and methodology.
Career scientists may communicate professional findings, subject to lawful protection of classified, deliberative, proprietary, and personal information.
Federal statistical agencies shall publish revision policies, data-quality standards, and logs of politically requested changes.
Executive orders or directives categorically excluding agencies or occupations from collective bargaining shall be reviewed and rescinded unless the President makes an individualized, evidence-based national-security determination subject to judicial review. Existing statutory exclusions remain in effect.
No Federal appointment, promotion, clearance, grant-review assignment, scientific panel, or contract position may be conditioned on personal loyalty to a President, party, movement, donor, religious belief, or policy platform. This section does not prohibit lawful evaluation of competence, ethics, conflicts, program fidelity, or commitment to constitutional duties.
An employee or contractor who reasonably believes an instruction violates law, wastes funds, endangers the public, falsifies evidence, or improperly accesses data may seek prompt review by an Inspector General or the Office of Special Counsel and is protected from retaliation. Interim relief shall be available where retaliation would cause irreparable harm.
OPM shall establish a five-year Public Service Reconstitution Corps to recruit former Federal employees, State and local experts, Tribal personnel, scientists, technologists, inspectors, benefits specialists, and recent graduates into hard-to-fill restoration roles. Hiring shall remain merit-based and shall include conflict, ethics, and security screening.
Every agency shall publish quarterly workforce data by mission, occupation, location, hiring, attrition, vacancy, processing backlog, contractor substitution, demographic indicators consistent with privacy, and service-level performance.
There is established within the executive branch an independent establishment known as the Office of Public Efficiency and Integrity.
The temporary United States DOGE Service organization, departmental DOGE teams, and successor structures created solely by executive action are terminated 90 days after enactment.
Their lawful records, systems, audits, and nonpartisan personnel may be transferred to OPEI after privacy, security, records, and conflict-of-interest review.
No transferred employee retains access to sensitive systems merely by virtue of prior DOGE service.
OPEI is headed by an Administrator appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of 7 years.
The Administrator may be removed for neglect of duty, malfeasance, incapacity, or substantial violation of ethics rules.
The Administrator shall appoint a Chief Technologist, Chief Economist, Chief Privacy Officer, Chief Procurement Officer, Chief Human Capital Officer, and Chief Public-Service Officer.
No senior OPEI official may hold a financial interest in a Federal contractor or regulated entity materially affected by an active OPEI review.
OPEI shall improve value, service quality, administrative simplicity, fraud prevention, procurement performance, technology resilience, payment accuracy, accessibility, and public trust. Cost reduction is a means, not the sole measure of efficiency.
OPEI may:
conduct performance audits and service-design reviews;
identify duplicative forms, obsolete systems, improper payments, procurement bottlenecks, unnecessary real property, and avoidable contractor dependence;
provide shared technology and cybersecurity services;
run evidence-based pilots;
recommend legislation, rulemaking, or budget changes;
negotiate government-wide purchasing vehicles consistent with competition law;
assist Inspectors General and agencies in fraud analytics; and
publish total-cost-of-ownership and service-quality metrics.
OPEI may not:
abolish or suspend a statutory function;
impound or redirect appropriations;
terminate a grant, contract, employee, rule, or benefit on its own authority;
direct an adjudication, investigation, prosecution, monetary-policy decision, scientific conclusion, or licensing outcome;
access sensitive personal data without a written data-access order meeting section 507;
use private commercial systems to create undisclosed profiles of Federal employees or beneficiaries; or
condition government service on political or ideological loyalty.
OPEI access to an agency system requires a written order signed by the Administrator, the agency head, Chief Information Officer, Chief Privacy Officer, and Inspector General.
The order shall state purpose, data fields, legal authority, personnel, duration, security controls, minimization, retention, audit, and deletion requirements.
Read-only, de-identified, aggregated, or synthetic data shall be used where feasible.
Every query involving sensitive personal data shall be logged. Logs shall be preserved for 10 years and audited quarterly.
Access to tax return information, Social Security records, health records, immigration files, student records, classified information, or law-enforcement data remains subject to all specific statutory restrictions.
An OPEI recommendation projected to reduce expenditures by more than $100,000,000 over five years shall also estimate effects on service access, processing time, errors, workforce, contractors, cybersecurity, civil rights, local governments, regulated entities, and long-term liabilities. A recommendation may not be labeled a saving if it merely shifts cost to another public entity or future fiscal year.
OPEI shall identify sole-source dependence, vendor lock-in, conflicts, overbilling, weak cybersecurity, and revolving-door risks.
Contractor access to Federal data shall require equivalent or stronger controls than Federal employee access.
A person substantially involved in selecting or auditing a contractor may not accept compensated employment from that contractor for two years, subject to narrow waivers published with reasons.
Employees and recognized labor organizations shall receive notice and an opportunity to propose alternatives before a recommendation materially changes workload, staffing, bargaining-unit conditions, or service delivery. Protected disclosures may be submitted confidentially.
OPEI shall publish each project, sponsor, legal authority, baseline, estimated and verified savings, implementation cost, service metrics, privacy assessment, contractor involvement, recommendations, agency response, and audit status. Unsupported public claims of savings are prohibited.
The OPEI Inspector General shall audit data access, savings claims, conflicts, procurement, civil-rights effects, and retaliation. GAO shall conduct a government-wide evaluation every two years.
There are authorized to be appropriated to OPEI $650,000,000 for fiscal year 2027, $800,000,000 for fiscal year 2028, and $950,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2031, with later amounts subject to appropriation.
Any Federal law enacted during a covered period that conditions registration for Federal elections on production of documentary proof of United States citizenship is repealed, unless reenacted after this Act with a federally funded, universally accessible, no-cost verification system and protections at least as strong as this title.
An applicant’s sworn attestation of eligibility, subject to existing criminal penalties for knowingly false registration, remains sufficient unless reliable government records establish ineligibility through an individualized process.
No election official shall incur civil or criminal liability merely for registering an applicant who completed the required attestation and for whom no reliable contrary evidence existed.
For elections for Federal office, each State shall provide:
automatic voter-registration opportunities through designated public agencies;
online registration and secure electronic correction;
same-day registration during early voting and on election day;
portable registration within the State;
pre-registration beginning at age 16, effective upon eligibility;
accessible paper and in-person alternatives; and
language assistance required by Federal law.
A State may implement a stronger system under the American Vote Act or State law.
A State requiring identification to vote in person shall accept a broad range of government, educational, Tribal, utility, financial, employment, housing, and other reliable documents and shall provide a free identification credential without supporting-document fees.
A voter unable to present accepted identification may execute a sworn identity affirmation and cast a regular ballot, subject to signature or other non-discriminatory verification.
Name differences caused by marriage, divorce, adoption, gender transition, transliteration, clerical error, or use of a customary name shall not alone defeat eligibility.
Citizenship data may be used only if accurate, current, auditable, and subject to notice and correction. Inferences based solely on place of birth, language, race, surname, immigration history of a relative, or obsolete database codes are prohibited.
A registrant may be removed only upon reliable evidence of death, change of residence, disqualification under State law consistent with Federal law, or a personally confirmed request.
Mass challenges, database matches, or nonvoting may not serve as the sole basis for removal.
Notice shall be provided through at least two methods, with a meaningful cure period and a provisional-ballot process.
Systematic removals are prohibited within 90 days before a Federal election, except verified deaths and individual requests.
Each State shall provide not fewer than 15 consecutive days of early voting, including two weekends, with reasonable hours and equitable geographic distribution.
Any eligible voter may vote by mail without stating an excuse. Postage shall be prepaid, secure drop boxes shall be available, and voters shall receive notice and an opportunity to cure signature or envelope defects.
A ballot postmarked or otherwise officially documented by election day and received within 7 days shall be counted.
Accessible remote or electronic ballot-delivery methods may be provided to voters with disabilities and military or overseas voters, with security standards established by the Election Assistance Commission.
There is authorized a mandatory Election Resilience Grant of $5,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2027 and $1,500,000,000 annually for fiscal years 2028 through 2036.
Funds may support poll workers, accessible sites, paper ballots, audits, cybersecurity, voter education, translation, modern registration systems, election mail, and physical security.
Grant formulas shall account for population, poverty, disability, language needs, rural geography, Tribal voters, aging equipment, and documented threats.
It is unlawful to use force, threat, coercion, knowingly false information, impersonation, mass data targeting, or abuse of official authority to deter an eligible person from registering, voting, assisting voters, counting ballots, or serving as an election official.
The Attorney General, affected voters, election officials, and State attorneys general may seek injunctive and civil relief.
Protected advocacy, journalism, satire, and good-faith legal challenge remain protected.
Election certification is a ministerial duty when lawful returns have been completed. A State or local official may delay certification only pursuant to a court order or a specific, documented discrepancy capable of affecting the result, and only for the time reasonably necessary to resolve it.
A jurisdiction found, after notice and hearing, to have committed repeated or intentional violations of Federal voting rights within the preceding 15 years may be required to obtain preclearance for specified election changes for a period of up to 10 years. Coverage shall be based on current, objective evidence and tailored to the violation.
This title is an emergency restoration floor. Upon enactment of the American Vote Act, any stronger or more specific provision of that Act supersedes this title. Rights and remedies accrued under this title remain enforceable.
No agency, recipient of Federal financial assistance, Federal contractor, or federally administered program shall discriminate unlawfully on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, national origin, sex, pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identity, intersex traits, disability, age, religion, marital or familial status, or veteran status.
Where Congress has authorized proof by disparate impact, an agency shall not categorically decline to enforce that standard.
A plaintiff establishes a prima facie case by identifying a specific policy causing a substantial adverse disparity. The respondent may prevail by demonstrating that the policy is necessary to achieve a substantial, legitimate, nondiscriminatory objective and that no comparably effective, less discriminatory alternative is reasonably available.
Statistical disparity alone does not establish liability without a causal connection to a challenged policy.
For Federal civil-rights statutes prohibiting sex discrimination, discrimination because of sexual orientation, gender identity, transgender status, or intersex traits is discrimination because of sex, consistent with constitutional and statutory protections for religious exercise and intimate association.
Federal identity documents shall permit accurate amendment through an accessible administrative process and shall protect prior-name and prior-marker information from unnecessary disclosure.
Agencies shall recognize biological and medical realities where materially relevant to health, safety, research, or individualized care, without using such relevance as a pretext for categorical exclusion or humiliation.
Merit-based equal opportunity includes active removal of unlawful barriers, accessible recruitment, reasonable accommodation, anti-harassment enforcement, and examination of validated disparities.
Numerical quotas and compelled personal ideological statements are prohibited unless specifically authorized as a narrowly tailored remedy for adjudicated discrimination.
Training may address civil-rights law, bias, history, accessibility, and professional conduct, but may not assign collective guilt or compel agreement with contested political propositions.
The Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and civil-rights offices at Education, HHS, HUD, Labor, Transportation, Agriculture, and other agencies shall restore staffing and caseload capacity to not less than fiscal year 2024 real-dollar and full-time-equivalent levels within two years.
Each office shall publish enforcement priorities based on complaints, evidence, statutory duty, and risk, not presidential retaliation or favoritism.
Pending matters closed solely because of a covered rollback action shall receive reconsideration upon request.
Agencies shall restore complaint intake, investigation, conciliation, pattern-or-practice referral, accessibility review, and technical assistance. Digital services and algorithmic systems used in these sectors are subject to the same civil-rights standards as human decisions.
Every grant, loan, contract, cooperative agreement, and other Federal financial assistance instrument shall include clear nondiscrimination terms, notice, complaint procedures, and proportionate remedies.
Funds may be suspended only after notice and an opportunity to cure, except where immediate action is necessary to prevent serious harm, fraud, or deliberate segregation.
Beneficiaries shall not lose essential services because the Government sanctions a provider; agencies shall arrange continuity.
The Minority Business Development Agency is reaffirmed as a permanent agency.
Programs may target documented barriers, economically disadvantaged communities, underserved markets, and victims of identified discrimination using race-neutral means where effective and race-conscious means only when constitutionally justified, evidence-based, time-limited, and periodically reviewed.
The Agency shall publish outcome data and guard against pass-through entities or political favoritism.
The Attorney General shall restore pattern-or-practice investigations, consent-decree capacity, data collection, hate-crime enforcement, disability compliance, language access, and grants for de-escalation, accountability, and lawful community safety.
In an action under a Federal statute expressly creating a civil cause of action against a government officer, an officer may not defeat liability solely because no earlier case involved identical facts if the statutory or constitutional prohibition was reasonably clear.
Good-faith reliance on binding law, reasonable mistake, proportionality, and personal involvement remain relevant as provided by law.
This section does not create liability for legislative acts protected by the Speech or Debate Clause or judicial acts protected by judicial immunity.
A person aggrieved by intentional discrimination or a covered disparate-impact violation may seek declaratory and injunctive relief, compensatory damages where authorized, and reasonable attorney fees. The Attorney General and relevant agencies retain enforcement authority.
Federal programs shall not discriminate against a person for pregnancy, childbirth, miscarriage, abortion, contraception, fertility treatment, or related medical decisions, except as expressly provided by Federal statute. Federal officials may not disclose reproductive-health information for the purpose of facilitating punishment for lawful care.
Agencies shall restore accessibility enforcement, web and mobile accessibility, reasonable-accommodation systems, home- and community-based service integration, and protection against disability discrimination in emergency planning, transportation, housing, education, and health care.
Civil-rights data shall be collected voluntarily where appropriate, protected from misuse, disaggregated sufficiently to reveal material disparities, and accompanied by privacy, statistical disclosure, and data-quality safeguards.
Nothing in this title authorizes hostility toward religion, regulation of doctrine, compelled worship, or compelled abandonment of belief. The FAITH Act controls institutional religious-accountability and conscience questions where more specific.
No person may be removed, transferred to a foreign detention arrangement, or subjected to a final adverse immigration decision without notice of the factual and legal basis, access to the record, a meaningful opportunity to respond, interpretation where necessary, and review by a lawful adjudicator.
Expedited procedures shall include screening for asylum, trafficking, torture, childhood, disability, family unity, lawful status, citizenship, and risk of wrongful removal.
Agencies shall maintain procedures to halt removal upon a credible claim of United States citizenship or lawful status.
All persons born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction are citizens at birth as provided by the Fourteenth Amendment and Federal statute. No executive action may categorically deny citizenship based on the immigration status of a parent. This section shall be applied consistently with controlling Supreme Court precedent.
A person physically present in or arriving at the United States may apply for asylum as provided by statute, regardless of manner of entry, subject to individualized statutory bars.
Categorical suspension based on an executive declaration of “invasion,” route, nationality, or use of a mobile application is prohibited unless Congress expressly authorizes the restriction and provides a lawful protection alternative.
Credible-fear and reasonable-fear interviews shall be nonadversarial, confidential, trauma-informed, and reviewable.
A person may be returned to or required to await proceedings in another country only if:
a binding agreement assures access to fair asylum procedures, counsel, housing, safety, and non-refoulement;
individualized screening shows no substantial risk of persecution, torture, trafficking, or violence;
independent monitoring and judicial review are available; and
Congress receives quarterly compliance reports.
The United States Refugee Admissions Program is restored as a permanent national-security and humanitarian function.
The annual admissions ceiling shall be not fewer than 125,000 unless the President certifies, with specific facts and after consultation with Congress, that extraordinary operational or security conditions require a temporary lower number.
A reduction below 75,000 requires approval by joint resolution.
Priority shall be given to urgent protection cases, family reunification, religious minorities facing persecution, LGBTQ persons facing persecution, women and children at risk, persons assisting the United States, and other vulnerable groups, without discrimination among religions.
Separation of a child from a parent or legal guardian for immigration enforcement is prohibited unless a court or qualified child-welfare professional finds an immediate safety risk, the adult is not the lawful caregiver, or separation is required by a criminal custodial sentence.
Every separation shall be documented in a reunification system, with counsel and prompt review.
Families shall not be detained in prison-like conditions when a safe, less restrictive alternative is available.
Immigration detention is civil and shall be used only where necessary to address a demonstrated flight or safety risk.
Detainees are entitled to medical and mental-health care, communication, visitation, language access, disability accommodation, legal access, grievance procedures, and protection from abuse.
Private detention contracts shall include enforceable standards, inspections, public incident reporting, and termination for chronic noncompliance.
Community-based alternatives shall be preferred where effective.
Discretionary protection programs shall use published criteria, individualized review, notice before termination, and reasonable transition periods. A program may not be terminated solely to create coercive return conditions or discriminate by nationality, race, religion, or political viewpoint.
Receipt of nutrition, housing, health, disability, disaster, education, or child benefits authorized by law shall not be treated as a negative public-charge factor unless Congress expressly provides otherwise. Sponsors remain responsible only to the extent specified by statute and due process.
The Department of Justice shall fund legal-orientation programs in every immigration detention facility and remote-hearing location.
Children, persons found incompetent, and indigent persons in proceedings presenting a substantial risk of wrongful removal shall receive appointed counsel through phased implementation.
No facility may obstruct confidential attorney communication.
USCIS shall maintain reasonable processing times, accessible fee waivers, disability accommodations, fair civics testing, language exceptions required by law, and prompt correction of erroneous citizenship records.
The Federal Government may not withhold unrelated grants to compel State or local participation in civil immigration enforcement. Cooperative agreements must be voluntary, transparent, trained, audited, and subject to civil-rights and profiling safeguards.
Congress authorizes rapid staffing, shelters, medical screening, case management, port infrastructure, anti-smuggling investigations, and adjudication surge capacity. Emergency measures must remain consistent with non-refoulement, due process, family unity, and appropriations law.
A United States citizen, lawful permanent resident, or other person wrongfully detained or removed because of gross negligence, reckless database use, falsification, or denial of required process may seek return assistance, record correction, reasonable compensation, and attorney fees under Title XXI.
Congress finds that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, and other heat-trapping pollutants endanger public health and welfare. The Environmental Protection Agency shall regulate such pollutants under the Clean Air Act within the authorities clarified by this title.
Any administrative rescission or narrowing of the 2009 greenhouse-gas endangerment and cause-or-contribute findings is set aside. EPA shall maintain or strengthen the findings based on the best available science and may revise them only through notice-and-comment rulemaking supported by a comprehensive scientific record.
For purposes of sections 111 and 301 of the Clean Air Act, EPA may establish performance standards based on measures at and beyond an individual source, including generation shifting, averaging, trading, storage, transmission, demand response, efficiency, fuel changes, and clean generation, if the system is adequately demonstrated, reasonably achievable, reliable, and cost-conscious.
Within 18 months, EPA shall issue standards for greenhouse-gas emissions from existing and new power plants sufficient to achieve an affordable, reliable, and steadily declining power-sector emissions pathway, with State flexibility, worker and community support, reliability safeguards, and protection against localized co-pollutant increases.
EPA and the Department of the Interior shall restore and strengthen methane leak detection, repair, flaring limits, venting limits, orphan-well rules, waste-prevention royalties, and public reporting for oil and gas operations on public and private lands, with special monitoring near homes, schools, Tribal communities, and environmental-justice communities.
EPA and the Department of Transportation shall restore science-based greenhouse-gas, fuel-economy, and criteria-pollutant standards for passenger vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles.
Standards shall be technology-neutral, feasible, coordinated, protective of consumer choice, and designed to reduce lifetime fuel and maintenance cost.
California waiver authority under the Clean Air Act is preserved, subject to statutory criteria.
EPA shall restore and strengthen protections for mercury, fine particulate matter, ozone, benzene, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, coal ash, and other dangerous pollutants, prioritizing cumulative exposure and fence-line monitoring.
An interagency group shall maintain transparent estimates of the social cost of greenhouse gases based on peer-reviewed science, global and domestic effects, discount-rate sensitivity, equity, and uncertainty.
Agencies shall use those estimates in regulatory and investment analysis, while also reporting nonmonetized impacts.
Political alteration of climate models or data must be publicly documented and professionally reviewed.
Each agency shall identify communities facing cumulative pollution, health, climate, infrastructure, and economic burdens and shall prioritize enforcement, monitoring, grants, technical assistance, and remediation without using race as an automatic entitlement or exclusion. Race and ethnicity may be considered as evidence of documented discrimination or exposure where constitutionally permissible.
Grants cancelled or frozen solely because they addressed climate, environmental justice, clean energy, electric transportation, adaptation, or community resilience shall be reconsidered. Reinstatement shall account for performance, reliance, statutory purpose, and availability of funds.
EPA shall restore enforcement, regional, laboratory, research, grant, Tribal, environmental-justice, chemical-safety, and climate capacity to fiscal year 2024 real-dollar and staffing levels within two years, adjusted for workload.
Nothing in this title preempts a State from adopting more protective air, climate, vehicle, energy, or public-health requirements, except where Federal law expressly and lawfully provides otherwise.
FEMA, NOAA, EPA, HUD, Transportation, Agriculture, Interior, and the Corps of Engineers shall integrate forward-looking climate risk into grants, insurance, infrastructure, housing, disaster recovery, water planning, and benefit-cost analysis. Assistance shall protect low-income and high-risk communities from involuntary displacement.
The President shall seek United States participation in the Paris Agreement and related international climate initiatives consistent with statutory authority, appropriations, treaty powers, and congressional consultation. Withdrawal requires 180 days’ notice, a national-interest assessment, and consultation with Congress, States, Tribes, industry, labor, and civil society.
Federal leasing, lending, export, procurement, and subsidy decisions materially benefiting fossil-fuel production shall disclose expected climate, health, water, reclamation, market, and stranded-asset effects and compare clean alternatives.
There are authorized to be appropriated $18,000,000,000 annually for fiscal years 2027 through 2031 for EPA capacity, monitoring, grants, climate science, enforcement, and community remediation, in addition to amounts otherwise authorized.
For purposes of the Clean Water Act, “navigable waters” includes traditional navigable waters, interstate waters, territorial seas, impoundments, tributaries with a material hydrologic connection, adjacent wetlands that materially affect the chemical, physical, or biological integrity of covered waters, and other waters whose protection is within Congress’s commerce power. EPA and the Army Corps shall issue a rule providing clear exclusions for ordinary farming, prior-converted cropland, artificial irrigation features, and isolated features lacking material connection.
EPA and the Corps shall restore permitting, enforcement, wetlands, stormwater, industrial discharge, and State-support capacity and shall prioritize drinking-water sources, Tribal waters, watersheds with repeated violations, and cumulative pollution.
EPA shall maintain health-protective standards for lead, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, arsenic, microbial contaminants, and emerging contaminants.
Federal assistance shall prioritize replacement of lead service lines, small and rural systems, Tribal systems, schools, child-care facilities, and communities with unaffordable rates.
No person shall lose basic water service solely because a utility receives Federal enforcement or restructuring assistance; continuity and affordability plans are required.
Within 180 days, the Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Agriculture shall review leases, permits, rights-of-way, land-management amendments, timber sales, mineral withdrawals, and dispositions initiated during covered periods for legal sufficiency, fair value, environmental review, Tribal consultation, climate and water effects, reclamation security, and consistency with multiple-use and conservation duties.
A valid lease or permit may not be cancelled without due process and, where required, compensation.
The Secretary may suspend operations to prevent imminent environmental harm, enforce lease terms, require adequate bonding, or cure an unlawful approval.
A lessee may elect renegotiation, relinquishment, land exchange, restoration credit, or compensation where lawful.
Fraud, material nondisclosure, conflict of interest, or failure to satisfy a condition may support cancellation.
Federal mineral, oil, gas, coal, timber, and renewable-energy development shall provide fair market value, inflation-adjusted rentals and royalties, full-cost bonding, methane and waste controls, water protection, labor standards, and enforceable reclamation. Royalty relief requires public findings of necessity and net public benefit.
Reductions or revocations of national monuments during covered periods are reversed to the extent Congress has authority to do so. The President’s authority under the Antiquities Act remains subject to its text, judicial review, and consultation with Tribes and affected communities.
New leasing, roads, mining, logging, or infrastructure in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska special areas, Tongass National Forest roadless areas, and other designated sensitive ecosystems shall require comprehensive cumulative-impact review, subsistence and Tribal consultation, spill-response capability, climate analysis, and a finding that no less damaging practicable alternative exists. Existing statutory prohibitions remain controlling.
Offshore leasing plans shall protect coastal economies, fisheries, marine mammals, national defense, Tribal and Indigenous interests, climate goals, and spill-response capacity.
Deep-sea mineral activities under United States authority require a precautionary environmental regime, baseline science, financial assurance, transparency, and international coordination.
No categorical “energy dominance” policy may displace statutory environmental or multiple-use duties.
The Council on Environmental Quality is expressly authorized to issue binding government-wide regulations implementing NEPA.
Agencies shall analyze direct, indirect, and reasonably foreseeable cumulative effects; climate risk; environmental justice; alternatives; connected actions; and mitigation enforceability.
Reviews shall be timely, proportionate, and coordinated. Page and time goals may be used, but shall not require omission of material analysis.
A project sponsor may fund third-party preparation only under agency control, conflict screening, and public disclosure.
The Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA shall restore science-based listing, critical-habitat, consultation, recovery, incidental-take, marine-mammal, and enforcement capacity. Economic information may inform implementation but may not determine whether a species is biologically endangered or threatened.
Federal forest policy shall combine ecological restoration, prescribed fire, Indigenous knowledge, community protection, sustainable timber, watershed protection, old-growth and mature-forest conservation, worker safety, and transparent monitoring. Emergency wildfire authorities may not be used as a pretext for unrelated commercial logging.
Agencies shall engage in early, meaningful, good-faith government-to-government consultation before actions affecting Tribal lands, treaty rights, sacred sites, cultural resources, subsistence, health, or waters.
For actions causing substantial permanent impairment of a treaty right, sacred site, or trust asset, the agency shall seek free, prior, and informed consent and may proceed over objection only where Congress has clearly authorized the action and no less harmful lawful alternative exists.
Consultation records and unresolved objections shall be public to the extent consistent with protection of sacred and confidential information.
The National Park Service and historic-preservation programs shall be restored to maintain national parks, monuments, recreation areas, historic sites, cultural landscapes, and community heritage. Transfer to a State or other entity requires statutory authority, public process, conservation covenants, labor protections, and continued public access.
The President shall establish a paid Civilian Conservation and Climate Corps to restore watersheds, parks, forests, wetlands, coastlines, urban trees, trails, abandoned mines, orphan wells, and disaster-damaged communities, with apprenticeships, prevailing wages, Tribal partnerships, and pathways into public service.
NOAA and EPA shall strengthen ocean monitoring, habitat restoration, marine-debris prevention, sustainable fisheries, bycatch reduction, coastal resilience, and producer responsibility for designated high-impact plastic products, subject to separate rulemaking and small-business assistance.
A Restoration Remediation List shall identify orphan wells, abandoned mines, contaminated Federal facilities, toxic hot spots, damaged wetlands, unauthorized roads, and impaired Tribal trust resources caused or worsened by covered rollback actions. Responsible parties remain liable where law provides.
This title restores statutory baselines and capacity. America’s Nature Act, the American Environment Act, and the RESPONSIBILITY Act govern stronger permanent restoration, liability, ecological-crime, and enforcement provisions.
The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy is reestablished within the Department of Energy with responsibility for renewable energy, buildings, industry, sustainable transportation, weatherization, manufacturing, workforce, and energy-justice programs.
ARPA-E shall maintain a technology-neutral portfolio of high-risk, high-reward energy research, including storage, transmission, geothermal, advanced nuclear, carbon management, industrial decarbonization, sustainable fuels, efficiency, and clean manufacturing.
Research may not be excluded merely because it concerns climate change, equity, environmental effects, or deployment barriers.
Within 18 months, the Department of Energy, FERC, regional transmission organizations, States, Tribes, public-power entities, rural cooperatives, reliability organizations, and consumer advocates shall develop a National Grid Plan addressing:
interregional transmission;
advanced conductors and grid-enhancing technologies;
storage and flexible demand;
distributed energy and microgrids;
resilience to heat, fire, storms, cyberattack, and geomagnetic disturbance;
interconnection queues;
fair cost allocation;
workforce and domestic supply chains; and
affordability and protection of low-income ratepayers.
Federal backstop siting and loan authorities may be used for nationally significant transmission after robust State, Tribal, landowner, wildlife, cultural-resource, and community consultation. Project benefits, mitigation, local compensation, undergrounding feasibility, and alternatives shall be disclosed.
DOE shall maintain and periodically strengthen cost-effective efficiency standards for appliances, equipment, buildings, lighting, and industrial systems. Standards shall preserve product utility, consider full lifecycle cost, provide reasonable lead time, and include assistance for low-income households and small manufacturers.
Federal grants shall expand weatherization, heat-pump deployment, efficient cooling, healthy housing, building electrification where cost-effective, district energy, and resilience upgrades. No household shall be compelled to replace a safe functioning appliance without financial support where a Federal mandate is the principal cause.
Treasury, Energy, and Interior shall identify tax preferences, royalty relief, loan support, indemnification, below-market access, and public cleanup liabilities benefiting fossil-fuel production. Congress shall receive recommendations to eliminate unjustified subsidies while protecting workers, communities, energy reliability, and legitimate reliance interests.
A major data center is a facility or connected campus reasonably expected to:
demand 50 megawatts or more of peak electricity;
withdraw or consume 500,000 gallons or more of water on any day;
operate 20 megawatts or more of combustion backup generation; or
have a materially equivalent combined impact established by rule.
Agencies may establish lower thresholds in water-stressed, pollution-burdened, transmission-constrained, wildfire-prone, or residential areas.
A major data center receiving Federal financial assistance, requiring a Federal permit, located on Federal land, interconnecting through a federally regulated transmission system, or serving as a principal Federal contractor shall prepare a Data Infrastructure Impact Statement addressing:
electricity demand by hour and season;
generation sources and marginal emissions;
transmission and distribution upgrades;
water source, consumption, discharge, drought risk, and recycling;
air emissions, noise, light, heat, hazardous materials, and backup generation;
land, habitat, cultural resources, and cumulative impacts;
ratepayer and public-subsidy effects;
construction and permanent employment;
cybersecurity and physical security;
decommissioning and financial assurance; and
reasonable alternatives, including efficiency, siting, clean-energy matching, and phased development.
A major data center shall pay the full reasonably attributable cost of dedicated interconnection, distribution, and transmission upgrades, subject to FERC and State allocation rules.
Existing residential and small-business ratepayers shall not bear material net costs unless an independent regulator finds quantifiable system-wide benefits exceeding those costs.
Facilities shall disclose annual and peak electricity demand and shall implement technically and economically feasible computing efficiency, heat management, demand response, and load flexibility.
Beginning five years after enactment, a covered facility shall match 100 percent of annual electricity consumption with additional carbon-free electricity and shall progress toward hourly matching by 2040, subject to reliability waivers and technology-neutral compliance rules.
Renewable-energy certificates from existing facilities do not satisfy additionality unless paired with a long-term contract demonstrably supporting continued operation at risk of retirement.
A major data center shall use nonpotable, reclaimed, closed-loop, or air-cooled systems where technically and economically feasible and shall publish monthly withdrawal and consumption data.
Potable water use in a water-stressed basin requires a finding that the project will not impair essential household, agricultural, ecological, or Tribal needs and must include replenishment, conservation, leakage reduction, or alternative-supply investments.
Water agreements with public utilities shall be public, except narrowly protected security and proprietary information.
Combustion backup generators shall use best available emissions controls, low-emission fuels where feasible, strict testing limits, real-time operating logs, and emergency-only operation except during authorized grid services that do not worsen local air quality. Battery, fuel-cell, thermal, or other cleaner backup systems shall be evaluated.
A major data center receiving more than $25,000,000 in combined public subsidies shall negotiate a community benefit agreement with affected local governments and recognized community and labor representatives. Agreements shall address local hiring, apprenticeships, infrastructure, water, emergency services, noise, housing pressure, environmental mitigation, and enforceable reporting.
States and localities receiving Federal infrastructure funds shall disclose data-center tax abatements, discounted utility rates, land transfers, infrastructure contributions, employment promises, and compliance results. Federal funds may not subsidize undisclosed special rates that shift cost to households.
The use of Federal lands or facilities for AI or data infrastructure requires competitive allocation, fair market value, security review, energy and water analysis, domestic-law compliance, and no categorical waiver of NEPA, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, National Historic Preservation Act, or Tribal-consultation duties.
Nothing in this title prevents a State, Tribe, or locality from adopting stronger zoning, environmental, water, labor, utility, cybersecurity, consumer, or AI requirements. Federal financial assistance may establish minimum standards but may not be used to coerce repeal of a generally applicable State AI law unless Congress expressly preempts that law.
The Energy Information Administration shall publish facility-level and regional data-center demand ranges, forecasts, water use, emissions, generation contracts, grid upgrades, and ratepayer effects, protecting security and trade secrets through aggregation where necessary.
DOE, NIST, NSF, and EPA shall fund research on energy-efficient chips and models, low-water cooling, workload scheduling, waste-heat use, clean backup power, hardware reuse, lifecycle impacts, and transparent measurement of computational efficiency.
EPA, DOE, FERC, State public-utility commissions, State attorneys general, and permitting agencies may enforce applicable provisions. Civil penalties shall be proportionate to avoided cost, harm, duration, and culpability. Facilities receive notice and an opportunity to cure nonmaterial first violations.
There are authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000,000 annually for fiscal years 2027 through 2036 for grid modernization, transmission, storage, resilience, public power, rural and Tribal energy, and consumer protection, in addition to existing authority.
Every three years, DOE and EPA shall review data-center thresholds and standards based on technology, resource conditions, grid effects, and administrative burden. A revision may strengthen but not materially weaken protections without a public finding supported by substantial evidence.
A covered entity collecting personal data in interstate commerce shall provide clear notice, collect only data reasonably necessary for a disclosed purpose, maintain reasonable security, honor access, correction, deletion, and portability rights, and avoid materially deceptive secondary use. This title does not preempt stronger State privacy law.
A covered entity may not sell or transfer sensitive personal data without affirmative, specific consent, except for a transaction requested by the individual, fraud prevention, security, legal compliance, or another narrow purpose established by rule.
Consent obtained through dark patterns, bundled unrelated terms, coercive service denial, or inability to understand the request is invalid.
The sale or transfer of precise geolocation, communications content, biometric templates, reproductive data, or immigration-status data for surveillance, discrimination, or law-enforcement circumvention is prohibited.
A Federal agency may not purchase, license, request from a broker, or otherwise obtain sensitive personal data that would require a warrant, court order, subpoena, or other compulsory process if obtained directly from the person or service provider, unless the agency obtains that process.
Emergency access is permitted where necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily harm, with judicial review within 72 hours.
Publicly available information does not include data made technically accessible through breach, scraping contrary to access controls, deceptive collection, or a commercial dataset assembled for individualized tracking.
The Federal Trade Commission shall maintain a public registry of data brokers, require disclosure of data categories and sources, provide a universal deletion and opt-out mechanism, and conduct annual audits of high-risk brokers. Brokers shall verify purchasers and prohibit use for stalking, discrimination, immigration raids without legal process, voter intimidation, or targeting health-care patients.
Each agency shall inventory sensitive datasets, users, contractors, interfaces, bulk exports, cross-agency links, and algorithmic uses.
Access shall be role-based, purpose-limited, time-limited, logged, and periodically recertified.
Bulk access by special government employees, detailees, political appointees, contractors, or efficiency teams requires the written order and safeguards specified in section 507.
Agencies shall use privacy-enhancing technologies and de-identification where feasible.
The Restoration Council shall identify data copied, linked, exported, or accessed through a covered rollback action. Agencies shall terminate unauthorized access, recover copies, rotate credentials, notify affected persons where appropriate, preserve evidence, and certify deletion or lawful retention.
Federal use of facial recognition, gait recognition, voiceprints, emotion inference, or other remote biometrics in public spaces requires statutory authority, documented necessity, accuracy testing, human review, audit, and notice where compatible with the purpose.
Real-time persistent identification of persons engaged in First Amendment-protected activity requires a warrant based on probable cause, except for a narrowly defined emergency involving imminent serious harm.
Emotion recognition shall not be used as the sole or material basis for employment, benefits, education, immigration, law enforcement, or security decisions.
No Federal agency or recipient of Federal funds shall use location or health data to identify, investigate, or penalize a person for obtaining, providing, assisting, or traveling for health care lawful in the jurisdiction where provided, except pursuant to a valid warrant investigating an independently unlawful act causing serious harm.
A high-impact automated system used for benefits, employment, education, housing, immigration, health, taxation, law enforcement, or licensing shall undergo an impact assessment, bias and error testing, cybersecurity review, public description, and human-appeal process.
A person is entitled to notice of material automated use, the principal factors, correction of inaccurate data, and review by an authorized human decisionmaker.
Trade secrecy does not defeat meaningful explanation or government audit.
Covered online services reasonably likely to be used by children or teenagers shall use high-privacy defaults, minimize profiling, prohibit targeted advertising based on sensitive data, avoid manipulative engagement design, and provide age-appropriate explanations without requiring intrusive age verification where less invasive methods are available.
Covered entities shall maintain risk-based security, vendor controls, encryption, authentication, incident response, and timely breach notice. Federal contractors handling sensitive data shall meet NIST standards and report material incidents promptly.
The FTC, State attorneys general, and appropriate sector regulators may enforce this title. A person suffering concrete financial, physical, discriminatory, or privacy injury from an intentional or reckless violation may seek actual damages, injunctive relief, and attorney fees. Statutory damages may be provided by companion legislation for specified high-risk violations.
Nothing in this title prohibits good-faith journalism, academic research, security research, archival activity, civil-rights testing, or public-interest investigation, subject to reasonable safeguards against publication of unnecessary sensitive data.
The Human Species Well-Being and Cognitive Liberty Act, Transparent Government Act, Public Comfort Act, and Project 2029 data-firewall measures control where they provide more specific or stronger protections.
The Department of Education is reaffirmed as an Executive department. No officer may abolish, transfer, or substantially disable the Department, Federal Student Aid, Office for Civil Rights, Institute of Education Sciences, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, or another congressionally created function without an Act of Congress.
Within 24 months, the Secretary shall restore sufficient staffing, regional access, technical assistance, complaint processing, student-aid operations, data, research, grant management, and oversight. Former employees separated through a covered rollback action shall receive priority consideration under merit procedures.
OCR shall restore investigations and guidance concerning race, sex, pregnancy, LGBTQ status, disability, harassment, language access, discipline, accessibility, and retaliation. Guidance shall distinguish binding law from recommended practice and respect constitutional speech and religious-liberty protections.
IES shall maintain independent statistics, longitudinal studies, assessments, special-education research, program evaluation, and public data. Contracts or grants terminated solely for disfavored terminology or conclusions shall be reconsidered under objective scientific and performance criteria.
Federal Student Aid shall maintain accurate servicing, borrower communication, income-driven repayment, disability discharge, public-service forgiveness, school accountability, fraud recovery, cybersecurity, and ombuds services. Major servicing changes require public testing and continuity planning.
The Secretary shall restore timely administration of Title I, IDEA, homeless-student, rural, English-learner, after-school, school mental-health, teacher-quality, and other statutory grants. Conditions must relate to program law and may not be used to coerce unrelated curriculum or ideology.
Federally funded research shall be made publicly accessible within a reasonable period, with lawful protection for privacy, national security, and intellectual property.
Agencies shall retain authority to purchase journal access and pay reasonable publication charges when cost-effective or necessary for mission performance.
The Government shall negotiate fair, transparent publishing agreements and support repositories, libraries, and open standards.
Federal education or research funds may not be conditioned on suppression of lawful viewpoints, compelled ideological statements, partisan loyalty, or discrimination. Institutions remain responsible for civil-rights compliance, academic standards, safety, research integrity, and non-harassment.
Public schools receiving Federal funds shall neither sponsor worship nor display hostility toward religion. Objective instruction about religion is permitted. Student expression receives equal treatment under neutral rules. The FAITH Act controls more specific conscience and institutional rules.
Education and Labor shall restore Job Corps, apprenticeships, community-college partnerships, adult education, senior employment, and career pathways, with performance reforms, safety standards, independent evaluation, and authority to close persistently failing sites after due process and transition assistance.
An education grant may be terminated for material nonperformance, illegality, fraud, loss of authorization, or documented program need, but not solely through a generalized “termination for convenience” clause used to defeat statutory purpose or punish protected speech. Notice, evidence, cure, and appeal are required.
The Enlightenment Act and the $450 Education Act govern comprehensive education funding, teachers, facilities, tutoring, curriculum-support, career pathways, and student well-being. This title restores the Federal institutional platform needed to implement them.
The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall reverse reorganizations and reductions that materially impair statutory missions of CDC, FDA, NIH, CMS, AHRQ, SAMHSA, HRSA, ACL, ASPR, and civil-rights functions. The Secretary may retain efficiencies demonstrated to improve service and legality, but shall publish a mission-by-mission staffing and capacity plan.
CDC and ASPR shall maintain integrated national surveillance, laboratory networks, wastewater monitoring, stockpiles, genomic capacity, public communication, hospital preparedness, and State, local, and Tribal support. Data standards shall protect privacy and permit rapid interoperability.
Public-health guidance shall disclose evidence, uncertainty, dissent, conflicts, and revision criteria. Political officials may set lawful policy but may not falsify or suppress underlying scientific findings. Agencies shall correct material errors promptly without retaliating against good-faith dissent.
The President shall pursue United States membership and constructive leadership in the World Health Organization, subject to statutory authority, appropriations, transparency, audit, reform, national sovereignty, and treaty requirements. Withdrawal requires 180 days’ notice, consultation with Congress, and a continuity plan for disease surveillance and global health commitments.
HHS, State, USAID, and Defense shall coordinate pandemic prevention, vaccination, maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, nutrition, antimicrobial resistance, laboratory security, and outbreak response. Programs shall include independent evaluation, anti-corruption controls, and local capacity building.
The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Fogarty International Center, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, AHRQ, and other statutory research entities shall not be abolished without an Act of Congress.
Research priorities may be revised through transparent scientific planning, not ideological exclusion.
Grants shall be evaluated for scientific merit, ethics, safety, reproducibility, public value, and conflicts.
HHS shall restore evidence-based programs for contraception, maternal health, infertility, miscarriage care, pregnancy care, abortion-related health information consistent with Federal law, and protection of health privacy. No program shall coerce a reproductive decision.
HHS shall support respectful, evidence-based care and research concerning sexual orientation, gender identity, intersex traits, HIV, mental health, cancer, aging, and violence. Sex-specific research and clinical standards remain permissible where scientifically relevant. Federal policy shall not deny medically necessary care through categorical animus or require unsupported treatment.
Vaccine recommendations shall be made through transparent expert review of safety, effectiveness, disease burden, uncertainty, and public comment. Federal officials shall disclose conflicts and shall not knowingly disseminate materially false safety claims. Injury compensation and post-market surveillance shall be strengthened.
SAMHSA and CDC may support evidence-based overdose prevention, naloxone, syringe services, treatment, recovery, infectious-disease prevention, and outreach. Programs shall track outcomes, protect communities from disorder and unsafe waste, and connect participants to treatment and social services.
Health agencies and contractors shall comply with Title XII, HIPAA, and specific confidentiality statutes. High-impact clinical or coverage algorithms require validation, bias testing, explanation, appeal, and monitoring for patient harm.
The Secretary shall prioritize rural hospitals, community health centers, Tribal health, maternal-care deserts, disability access, language services, behavioral health, and public-health departments with weak tax bases.
Research and health grants cancelled solely because they addressed climate, structural determinants, minority health, LGBTQ populations, international collaboration, reproductive health, or other disfavored subjects shall be reconsidered under neutral scientific, legal, and programmatic criteria.
A board of epidemiologists, clinicians, economists, ethicists, State and Tribal officials, patient representatives, civil-liberties experts, and emergency managers shall review major emergency guidance after each declared emergency and recommend reforms. The board does not exercise operational command.
This title restores institutions, science, preparedness, and rights. The American Health Act governs comprehensive coverage, delivery, affordability, benefits, and long-term health-system design.
The Department of Labor shall restore Wage and Hour, OSHA, OFCCP, Employee Benefits Security Administration, mine-safety, worker-training, unemployment, and statistical capacity. Enforcement priorities shall be based on risk, statutory mandate, complaints, vulnerable workers, and repeat violations.
The NLRB shall exercise its statutory functions independently. Removal, case assignment, rulemaking, and prosecution shall comply with the National Labor Relations Act, due process, and constitutional requirements. Political officials may not direct outcomes in specific representation or unfair-labor-practice cases.
The Secretary of Labor shall maintain an inflation-adjusted salary threshold and duties tests protecting employees who lack genuine executive, administrative, or professional authority. Independent-contractor rules shall consider economic dependence, control, investment, permanence, opportunity for profit or loss, and integration, with sector-specific clarity.
OSHA shall update standards for heat, infectious disease, silica, chemical exposure, ergonomic risk, workplace violence in high-risk sectors, and emergency response. Standards shall be evidence-based, feasible, and accompanied by small-employer assistance.
Knowing nonpayment of wages, falsification of payroll, coercive misclassification, or retaliation may result in back pay, liquidated damages, civil penalties, debarment for repeat offenders, and criminal referral where existing law applies. Good-faith disputes receive ordinary civil process.
CFPB shall maintain supervision and enforcement sufficient to protect consumers in mortgages, credit cards, auto finance, student loans, payments, remittances, debt collection, credit reporting, earned-wage products, and emerging financial technology.
Supervisory scope shall be risk-based and shall not categorically exclude large market segments because of policy preference.
Enforcement policies may prioritize harm but may not announce blanket nonenforcement of a statute without reasoned explanation.
FTC and the Antitrust Division shall restore consumer-protection, privacy, competition, merger, fraud, subscription, junk-fee, dark-pattern, and monopolization capacity. Enforcement shall be evidence-based, economically rigorous, procedurally fair, and independent of political retaliation.
CFPB shall issue rules establishing clear disclosures, dispute rights, refund coordination, error resolution, credit-reporting standards, ability-to-repay safeguards proportionate to risk, and protection against repeated fee cycling for buy-now-pay-later and functionally equivalent products.
HUD shall restore rental assistance, public housing, housing for elderly and disabled persons, fair housing, homelessness programs, CDBG, HOME, Native American and Native Hawaiian housing, lead hazard control, and community development, subject to performance reform and fraud controls.
No Federal two-year lifetime cap shall apply to rental assistance. Work-support initiatives may be offered, but loss of housing shall not be used as a punitive work requirement. Assistance shall prioritize severe rent burden, disability, age, children, survivors, veterans, and homelessness risk.
Job Corps and the Senior Community Service Employment Program are restored with safety, performance, placement, wage, cost, and independent-evaluation reforms. Persistently failing operators may be replaced through orderly transition without abandoning participants.
EDA is reaffirmed and shall support distressed communities, infrastructure, innovation, disaster recovery, manufacturing, business formation, and regional planning. Grants require measurable outcomes, conflict controls, maintenance plans, and protection against political favoritism.
A Federal economic, labor, housing, or community grant may be terminated only for statutory expiration, material breach, fraud, nonperformance, lack of funds, or a documented programmatic necessity consistent with the authorizing law. Agencies shall consider reliance costs, partial performance, orderly closeout, and continuation of essential services.
Agencies shall restore accurate, timely, independent data on employment, wages, prices, housing, business formation, inequality, credit, consumer complaints, and market concentration. Methodological changes require professional review and transparent back-series treatment.
The American Dignity Act, Homes for America Act, BANKING Act, PRICING Act, and other specialized measures govern benefit levels, housing-system redesign, banking structure, and price regulation where more specific.
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act does not authorize the President to impose a general customs duty, tariff, surcharge, quota, or equivalent import tax. Such measures require authority under the trade laws or another statute that expressly refers to tariffs or customs duties.
Customs and Border Protection and Treasury shall identify duties collected under an authority that a final court judgment or this Act determines did not authorize the levy.
Importers of record shall receive an administratively efficient refund, with interest as provided by law, subject to audit, drawback coordination, anti-duplication, and protection against fraudulent claims.
Congress may establish a separate consumer or small-business relief mechanism where economic incidence materially differed from the importer of record.
Before a tariff or quota affecting more than $25,000,000,000 in annual imports takes effect, the responsible agency shall publish:
statutory authority and objective;
covered goods and countries;
evidence of the unfair trade practice, security risk, or safeguard need;
expected effects on prices, employment, investment, agriculture, manufacturing, consumers, allies, retaliation, and supply chains;
alternatives;
duration and exit criteria; and
exclusion and hardship procedures.
An urgent measure may take effect for 60 days, after which ordinary procedures apply.
A tariff or quota expected to affect more than 25 percent of United States goods imports, or to remain in effect beyond one year, expires unless approved by joint resolution. Product-specific antidumping, countervailing-duty, safeguard, and national-security actions under existing trade statutes remain governed by those statutes.
A national-security trade action shall identify the defense or critical-infrastructure risk, distinguish allies and adversaries where appropriate, evaluate domestic production capacity, and avoid unnecessary downstream harm. The Department of Defense shall provide an independent assessment for actions justified principally by defense needs.
The Government shall operate transparent, timely, reviewable product-exclusion procedures considering domestic availability, supply-chain dependence, medical and humanitarian need, small-business hardship, and evasion risk. Decisions and meetings with interested parties shall be disclosed under the Transparent Government Act.
Where lawful trade retaliation causes concentrated harm to farmers, workers, or small businesses, assistance shall be targeted, temporary, transparent, and financed through appropriations rather than undisclosed tariff proceeds. Assistance may not favor political supporters.
Commerce, Treasury, Energy, Defense, Agriculture, HHS, and Transportation shall maintain risk maps and investment plans for semiconductors, medicines, food, grid equipment, critical minerals, communications, water systems, and other essential supply chains, using diversification, allies, recycling, strategic reserves, domestic manufacturing, and demand management.
Economic sanctions shall include clear humanitarian, medical, food, remittance, journalism, internet-freedom, and civil-society exceptions, together with licensing deadlines and anti-evasion controls. Sanctions shall be reviewed for effectiveness and unintended civilian harm.
A person adversely affected by a trade measure may obtain review of statutory authority, procedure, classification, exclusion, and constitutional claims in the court designated by law. National-security evidence may be protected through appropriate procedures, but a conclusory invocation of national security is not unreviewable.
USAID is reaffirmed as an independent establishment in the executive branch responsible for international development, humanitarian assistance, disaster response, global health, food security, democratic governance, economic growth, education, water and sanitation, climate resilience, and related functions assigned by law.
USAID may not be abolished, reduced to a shell, or transferred in substantial part without an Act of Congress.
The Administrator shall report to and receive foreign-policy guidance from the President and Secretary of State while retaining operational, procurement, program, and professional independence established by law.
The Administrator shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Administrator shall have demonstrated experience in development, humanitarian response, diplomacy, public administration, global health, economics, or related fields. Key technical bureaus shall be led by qualified professionals.
USAID shall restore a worldwide career workforce, Foreign Service, civil service, locally employed staff, surge rosters, inspectors, contracting officers, humanitarian specialists, and technical experts sufficient to administer this title.
Personnel unlawfully or improperly separated, placed on leave, recalled, or denied assignment through a covered rollback action shall receive restoration review, priority reemployment, and appropriate relief.
Missions closed or reduced without adequate review shall be assessed for reopening based on need, security, strategic value, partner capacity, and cost.
A blanket pause of foreign assistance is prohibited unless Congress expressly authorizes it.
A program may be suspended for illegality, fraud, diversion, security risk, material nonperformance, changed conditions, or conflict with a statutory foreign-policy objective, but the agency shall provide written reasons, humanitarian exceptions, reliance analysis, and an orderly transition.
Lifesaving food, water, shelter, disease treatment, maternal and child health, refugee support, and disaster response shall not be interrupted absent an imminent security or diversion risk that cannot be mitigated.
There is authorized to be appropriated to USAID and related State Department accounts $72,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2027, increased by 3 percent annually through fiscal year 2036, in addition to emergency supplemental appropriations.
It is the policy of the United States to progress toward official development assistance equal to 0.30 percent of gross national income by fiscal year 2032, subject to annual appropriations and absorptive capacity.
Not less than 12 percent of annual development and humanitarian assistance shall be reserved for sudden-onset emergencies, famine prevention, displacement, and flexible contingency response.
USAID, HHS, State, and implementing partners shall restore and expand programs addressing HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, nutrition, neglected tropical diseases, vaccination, water and sanitation, antimicrobial resistance, and outbreak prevention, with strong monitoring, local laboratories, transparent procurement, and anti-corruption controls.
The United States shall maintain early-warning systems, flexible food procurement, cash and voucher assistance where appropriate, agricultural resilience, school feeding, nutrition treatment, and diplomatic engagement to prevent deliberate obstruction of humanitarian aid.
USAID and State may support election administration, civic participation, rule of law, anti-corruption, independent media, labor rights, women’s rights, disability rights, LGBTQ human rights, religious freedom, and protection of activists, provided programs are transparent, locally informed, nonviolent, and do not covertly support a political party or candidate.
Development programs may support clean energy, climate adaptation, sustainable agriculture, disaster resilience, biodiversity, methane reduction, water security, and just-transition strategies where consistent with host-country priorities and United States interests.
USAID shall increase direct funding to qualified local organizations, municipal entities, cooperatives, universities, and businesses while preserving fiduciary controls.
At least 30 percent of program funds should be managed through local partners by fiscal year 2032, where capacity and risk permit.
Large contractors shall disclose indirect cost, executive compensation, subcontracting, local procurement, and performance.
Assistance shall be based on need and delivered without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, or political opinion. Neutral needs-based distinctions and lawful program targeting remain permissible.
USAID shall maintain a public project database with awards, locations, objectives, partners, evaluations, audits, suspensions, and results, subject to safety and privacy protection. High-risk programs require enhanced monitoring, beneficial-ownership disclosure, sanctions screening, and whistleblower channels.
A contractor, grantee, local partner, or employee harmed by a covered blanket termination may submit a claim for allowable closeout, demobilization, protected reliance, employee severance required by local law, preservation of assets, and lifesaving continuity costs. Speculative future profits are not compensable.
An independent council of economists, public-health experts, humanitarian leaders, auditors, local-partner representatives, national-security experts, and civil-society members shall evaluate outcomes, cost effectiveness, corruption risk, and strategic value. The council shall not direct individual awards.
There is established a fund for scholarships, exchanges, independent media, public health, cultural preservation, digital connectivity, climate resilience, infrastructure planning, and rapid partnership initiatives in countries where democratic and humanitarian engagement serves the national interest. Awards shall be competitive, transparent, and subject to human-rights safeguards.
Before reducing USAID obligations, workforce, or missions by more than 15 percent in a fiscal year, the President shall submit a plan to Congress 180 days in advance. The plan shall identify statutory authority, program effects, lifesaving continuity, workforce, partners, national-security consequences, and alternatives. Appropriated funds remain available according to law.
This title applies uniformly to every foreign government, military, intelligence service, security force, armed group, and recipient of United States assistance. No country receives an automatic exemption because of alliance, strategic partnership, domestic political support, historical relationship, or religion.
No executive agreement, memorandum of understanding, operational plan, procurement arrangement, command structure, intelligence-sharing framework, or statute shall be construed to make the Armed Forces of the United States and a foreign armed force legally inseparable.
United States command authority, operational control, rules of engagement, intelligence release, procurement, basing, and deployment remain subject to the Constitution, Federal law, appropriations, and lawful civilian command.
A long-term arrangement granting a foreign state operational authority over United States forces, automatic access to designated systems, or a binding obligation to enter hostilities requires a treaty or Act of Congress.
The Departments of State and Defense shall maintain a classified and public registry of significant security-cooperation agreements, joint commands, interoperability commitments, stockpiles, basing rights, shared facilities, research, procurement, cyber operations, intelligence arrangements, and standing operational plans. The public version shall disclose purpose, duration, cost, legal authority, and oversight while protecting operational security.
No covered assistance may be provided where there is credible information that the recipient unit or responsible command has committed a gross violation of human rights and effective remediation has not occurred. Assistance must also comply with civilian-protection, end-use, diversion, corruption, and international-humanitarian-law requirements established by statute.
The State and Defense Departments shall apply a common, country-neutral vetting standard to the maximum extent consistent with their statutes.
Remediation requires credible investigation, accountability, command reform, victim remedy, and measures preventing recurrence. Mere reassignment or unsupported assurance is insufficient.
Vetting records, reasons, and remediation decisions shall be auditable by Inspectors General and available to Congress.
Every significant transfer of weapons, munitions, surveillance technology, cyber capability, or security assistance shall include inventory controls, serial tracking where feasible, use restrictions, access for monitoring, reporting of loss or diversion, and suspension triggers.
Enhanced monitoring applies where weapons are used in densely populated areas, transferred onward, supplied to units with abuse allegations, or capable of mass surveillance.
A recipient’s refusal of reasonable monitoring is grounds for suspension.
Before approving a major arms sale or emergency transfer, State and Defense shall assess expected civilian-harm risk, recipient targeting and detention practices, humanitarian access, accountability mechanisms, and feasible mitigation. Classified annexes may protect intelligence, but the principal findings shall be public.
United States assistance may not knowingly facilitate:
genocide, crimes against humanity, torture, enforced disappearance, or collective punishment;
unlawful annexation or permanent acquisition of territory by force;
deliberate attacks on civilians or civilian objects;
systematic obstruction of humanitarian relief;
forced population transfer;
unlawful detention or persecution based on protected identity or political opinion; or
domestic political repression using United States-provided surveillance or weapons.
The prohibition shall be applied consistent with definitions in Federal and international law.
The Secretary of State shall suspend affected assistance upon a finding of a serious violation.
A temporary national-security waiver may be issued for not more than 90 days only if the President provides specific reasons, mitigation, monitoring, and a plan to end the need for the waiver.
Renewal beyond 90 days requires approval by joint resolution or a statute-specific waiver authority.
Lifesaving humanitarian assistance to civilians shall be preserved through neutral channels wherever feasible.
Security partners receiving substantial assistance shall contribute fair support according to capacity, strategic benefit, and burden sharing. The United States shall not assume open-ended foreign military costs without appropriation, public accounting, and a national-interest determination.
Persons acting at the order, request, direction, or control of a foreign principal shall comply with the Foreign Agents Registration Act and disclose material contacts seeking military, diplomatic, aid, sanctions, procurement, or intelligence action.
Pass-through nonprofits, consultants, law firms, think tanks, media campaigns, and political committees may not be used to conceal a foreign principal.
Legitimate diplomacy, journalism, academic exchange, legal representation, and cultural activity remain protected subject to law.
Senior officials and Members of Congress shall disclose foreign-funded travel, gifts, hospitality, business interests, family benefits, and sponsored delegations as required by the Transparent Government Act. Classified or diplomatic exceptions require independent review and delayed disclosure where safe.
Transfers of sensitive data, advanced surveillance systems, offensive cyber tools, or high-risk AI capabilities to foreign governments require privacy, human-rights, security, diversion, and end-use review. The President may impose country-neutral restrictions under statutory authority.
The United States shall use diplomacy, assistance conditions, sanctions authorities, and multilateral institutions to promote rapid, safe, sustained humanitarian access. A security recipient’s unreasonable obstruction may trigger suspension under section 1809.
The President shall report any introduction of Armed Forces into hostilities or imminent hostilities as required by the War Powers Resolution.
Funds may not support hostilities beyond 60 days, plus the statutory withdrawal period, absent a declaration of war or specific authorization for use of military force.
Generic appropriations, arms sales, intelligence sharing, interoperability, or alliance language do not constitute authorization for hostilities.
Within one year, Congress shall consider repeal, revision, geographic limits, objectives, reporting, detention authority, associated-force definitions, and sunsets for existing authorizations. The President shall publish the legal and factual basis for each operation conducted under an authorization, with a classified annex where necessary.
No provision of Federal law shall be interpreted to guarantee a foreign country a fixed level of assistance, immunity from human-rights conditions, automatic weapons replenishment, or protection from congressional revision, unless Congress states the guarantee in unmistakable terms and specifies duration and funding.
The State and Defense Inspectors General, GAO, and Congress shall receive access to records necessary to audit this title. A recipient or contractor has no private right to compel security assistance, but affected United States persons may challenge unlawful expenditure, records denial, retaliation, or statutory procedural violations where ordinary standing requirements are met.
Section 706 of title 5, United States Code, is amended to provide:
courts decide constitutional and pure legal questions independently;
where Congress has expressly or by necessary implication delegated authority to an agency to define a term, fill a gap, set a standard, or choose among reasonable policy alternatives, a court shall uphold a procedurally valid agency interpretation within the delegation if reasonable and supported by the record;
technical, scientific, economic, and factual determinations receive the respect warranted by expertise, transparency, consistency, and evidentiary support; and
no deference is owed to a position first adopted for litigation, concealed from the public, inconsistent with a controlling statute, or unsupported by reasoned explanation.
A court may not invalidate agency action solely under a judicially created major-questions clear-statement rule where the statute’s text, structure, purpose, history, and delegated tools provide a reasonable basis for the action. Constitutional nondelegation principles remain available.
The Clean Air Act, Federal Power Act, Securities Exchange Act, public-health statutes, consumer laws, labor laws, and other statutes amended by this Act expressly permit agencies to address modern systemic risks within the subject and tools Congress assigned, including climate change, digital platforms, data markets, automated systems, and interconnected infrastructure.
A court may award declaratory relief, party-specific injunctive relief, classwide relief, vacatur where authorized by the APA, remand, restitution, and other traditional equitable remedies.
Systemwide relief shall be no broader than necessary to provide complete relief, protect absent class members under Rule 23, preserve uniform administration expressly required by statute, or prevent evasion through nominally different parties.
Courts shall consider severability, reliance, disruption, public safety, and the risk of allowing unlawful action to continue.
A reviewing court may vacate unlawful agency action. Remand without vacatur is permitted only where the defect is curable, temporary continuation is lawful, and vacatur would create substantially greater public harm. The court shall set a deadline and retain jurisdiction where appropriate.
A person denied a procedural protection designed to protect that person’s concrete interests may establish injury by showing a material risk that the denial affected those interests. A generalized ideological disagreement or abstract interest in lawful government is insufficient.
Facial challenges to the constitutionality of this Act, nationwide suspension of a title, or invalidation of a major restoration schedule shall be heard by a three-judge district court with direct appeal to the Supreme Court, consistent with title 28.
A presidential regulatory freeze may temporarily pause unpublished or not-yet-effective rules for not more than 60 days to permit legal and policy review. Withdrawal or indefinite delay of a final rule requires the procedures that would apply to repeal, except where the rule is unlawful on its face and a court orders otherwise.
Regulatory analysis shall consider benefits, costs, distribution, rights, nonquantifiable effects, uncertainty, cumulative risk, alternatives, and statutory purpose. An agency may act where significant benefits cannot be monetized. Discount rates and assumptions shall be transparent and sensitivity-tested.
Influential scientific assessments shall receive proportionate peer review, conflict disclosure, public data where lawful, and response to significant comments. Peer review shall not be weaponized to delay emergency action or exclude qualified minority views.
The administrative record includes material directly or indirectly considered, contrary evidence, significant internal technical analysis, and material communications from outside parties. Privileged material may be logged and protected, but may not be omitted to create a misleading record.
A prevailing individual, small business, nonprofit, union, Tribe, or local government may recover reasonable fees where the Government’s position was not substantially justified, subject to existing statutory caps and exceptions. Bad-faith obstruction permits enhanced fees.
Nothing in this Act limits any stronger Supreme Court or Federal judicial ethics, recusal, disclosure, gift, travel, or enforcement requirement established by companion legislation.
This title shall be construed to preserve Article III judicial power while respecting lawful congressional delegation and agency expertise. No provision requires a court to defer on a constitutional question.
The portal, covered-influence-contact, calendar, lobbying, citizen-question, public-money tracking, records, whistleblower, recusal, beneficial-ownership, and independent-accountability systems established by the Transparent Government Act shall serve as the general transparency infrastructure for this Act.
The Restoration Portal shall identify:
each covered rollback and restoration action;
officials, contractors, grantees, lobbyists, donors, foreign principals, and regulated entities materially involved, subject to lawful privacy protection;
requested government action and financial interest;
public assets, grants, contracts, enforcement, permits, pardons, or appointments affected;
legal opinions and evidence summaries;
implementation cost, savings, and outcomes; and
recusals, waivers, and enforcement referrals.
The Attorney General and SEC shall enforce the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act according to published, country-neutral, evidence-based priorities.
A categorical pause or nonenforcement policy based solely on generalized competitiveness concerns is rescinded.
Guidance shall protect lawful hospitality, facilitation permitted by statute, bona fide business expenses, due process, declination credit, self-reporting, and effective compliance while targeting bribery, concealment, and kleptocracy.
The President, Vice President, Cabinet officials, and designated senior officers shall disclose beneficial ownership, debts, gifts, foreign income, digital assets, licensing, and business interests as provided by law.
Covered assets creating a substantial conflict shall be divested, placed in a qualified blind trust, or subject to a public recusal and management plan.
Official action may not be used to obtain a particularized financial benefit for the official, spouse, dependent, controlled entity, or business partner.
No public official may appoint or direct the appointment of a relative to a covered Federal position contrary to anti-nepotism law. Federal contractors, foreign governments, regulated entities, and pardon applicants shall disclose material payments or benefits to immediate family members of designated officials when seeking official action.
The constitutional pardon power is preserved.
The Office of the Pardon Attorney shall publish criteria, applications, recommendations, and reasons after disposition, subject to privacy and safety.
A pardon involving the President, family, campaign, business, witness, donor, or person who provided a benefit to a covered official shall be reported to Congress with relevant conflict information.
Bribery, obstruction, destruction of records, or an agreement to provide false testimony in exchange for clemency remains prosecutable conduct independent of the pardon.
A person compensated above an inflation-adjusted threshold to make covered influence contacts must register even if contacts occupy less than 20 percent of the person’s time. Strategic advisers, political fundraisers, former officials, lawyers, nonprofits, trade associations, and consultants may not evade disclosure by using intermediaries or avoiding a formal request.
Designated senior officials are prohibited for two years after service from representing another person before their former agency, and for five years from representing a foreign government before the United States. Lifetime restrictions apply to switching sides in the same particular matter involving specific parties.
Contractors and grantees shall disclose beneficial owners, significant subcontractors, conflicts, lobbying, foreign control, debarment history, and material political-fundraising relationships relevant to the award. Protected political activity alone may not determine award eligibility.
Federal officials and contractors may not use disappearing messages, private servers, ephemeral collaboration tools, or personal devices to evade the Federal Records Act, FOIA, discovery, Inspectors General, or Congress. Agencies shall configure retention by default and audit deletion.
No person may retaliate against a lawful whistleblower, journalist, auditor, civil-society watchdog, or citizen petitioner for reporting corruption, concealment, misuse of funds, data abuse, or rights violations. Remedies include reinstatement, back pay, compensatory damages, protective orders, fees, and disciplinary referral.
Contract clauses, nondisclosure agreements, privileges not recognized by law, or agency-created data compartments may not defeat lawful access by an Inspector General or GAO. National-security information shall be handled through secure procedures.
If the Transparent Government Act has not established an independent accountability office within one year after enactment, an interim Office of Federal Public Integrity shall be established for five years to investigate disclosures under this title, impose civil penalties after hearing, issue subpoenas subject to court enforcement, and refer criminal matters.
Knowing concealment, materially false disclosure, destruction of covered records, prohibited retaliation, or deliberate evasion of influence-registration requirements may result in a civil penalty up to the greater of $250,000 or three times the financial benefit sought or obtained, adjusted for culpability and ability to pay.
Criminal penalties apply only where an existing criminal statute or an express provision of this Act requires knowing and willful conduct. No person shall be prosecuted for a good-faith legal interpretation, inadvertent filing error promptly corrected, or protected advocacy.
This title does not diminish the Speech or Debate Clause, executive privilege lawfully asserted and adjudicated, attorney-client privilege, whistleblower rights, press freedom, petition rights, or legitimate protection of classified information.
There is established within the Department of Justice an independent American Restoration Claims Commission composed of five commissioners appointed by the President, with Senate consent, for staggered 7-year terms.
Commissioners shall have experience in administrative claims, employment, grants and contracts, immigration, environmental remediation, civil rights, or public finance.
The Commission shall use accessible procedures, regional hearings, electronic filing, language access, and reasoned written decisions.
The Commission may adjudicate claims arising directly from a covered rollback action involving:
unlawful or procedurally defective separation of a Federal employee;
abrupt termination of a grant or contract contrary to statute or the instrument;
wrongful immigration detention or removal covered by section 814;
unlawful disclosure or access to sensitive personal data;
loss of a statutory benefit through an invalid categorical policy;
physical, ecological, cultural, or public-infrastructure damage on Federal or Tribal lands;
unreimbursed lifesaving continuity or demobilization cost caused by an unlawful foreign-assistance termination; or
another category designated by Congress.
Available relief includes reinstatement, priority reemployment, restoration of leave and retirement credit, back pay as authorized by law, correction of records, reasonable relocation, and attorney fees. Interim employment or earnings shall be considered to prevent double recovery.
A prevailing claimant may recover allowable performed costs, responsible closeout, demobilization, asset preservation, required severance, and reasonable reliance expenditures. Lost speculative profit, political fundraising loss, and reputational damages are excluded.
The Commission may fund return travel, legal services, record correction, family reunification, medical care, lost wages subject to proof, and compensation for wrongful detention or removal caused by reckless or intentional government misconduct. Ordinary lawful enforcement does not create compensation.
A person whose sensitive data was unlawfully accessed, disclosed, or transferred may receive notice, identity and credit protection, deletion and correction, security assistance, actual damages, and compensation for a demonstrable risk requiring mitigation.
The Commission may recommend grants for cleanup, health screening, drinking water, habitat restoration, cultural-resource repair, worker transition, community infrastructure, and monitoring where a covered rollback action caused or materially worsened harm and no adequate responsible-party remedy exists.
Tribal claims shall be heard through a government-to-government process that respects treaty rights, trust duties, sovereign immunity, cultural confidentiality, and existing jurisdictional statutes. The Commission may recommend land restoration, co-stewardship, cultural repair, and monetary relief, subject to appropriation.
A claimant shall prove eligibility and loss by a preponderance of the evidence. Where the Government unlawfully destroyed or withheld material records, the Commission may draw a reasonable adverse inference after notice.
A claim must be filed within five years after enactment or three years after final classification of the relevant rollback action, whichever is later. The period is tolled for minors, incapacity, concealment, detention without meaningful access, and active administrative exhaustion.
A claimant or agency may appeal a final decision to the United States Court of Federal Claims. Legal questions are reviewed de novo; factual findings are sustained if supported by substantial evidence.
The Commission shall offset compensation received through another judgment, settlement, insurance, or statutory remedy for the same loss, while preserving distinct damages and attorney fees.
Where a contractor, lessee, grantee, foreign recipient, or other party is legally responsible, the United States may pursue contribution or subrogation. A beneficiary is not required to await that recovery before receiving urgent relief.
There are authorized to be appropriated $15,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2027 and such sums as necessary through fiscal year 2036 for claims, administration, return assistance, remediation, and legal services.
There is established in the Treasury the American Restoration and Resilience Fund, available to the extent appropriated for lawful restoration actions, workforce rebuilding, system modernization, continuity, grants, claims, data security, environmental remediation, and State, local, and Tribal implementation.
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Fund:
$65,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;
$55,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;
$45,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;
$35,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; and
$25,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2031.
Amounts remain available for five fiscal years, subject to rescission by Congress.
No more than 8 percent of the Fund may be used for central administration. OMB shall allocate funds through published criteria considering urgency, statutory duty, rights, health and safety, irreversible harm, service backlog, leverage of other funds, implementation capacity, and equitable geographic distribution.
The Secretary of the Treasury, OMB, and GAO shall identify offsets and savings from:
improved tax compliance and customer service;
procurement competition and fraud reduction;
improper-payment prevention that preserves eligible access;
fair-value royalties, bonding, and fees;
recovery from responsible parties;
elimination of unjustified subsidies and special-interest tax expenditures;
health, climate, energy, and infrastructure savings; and
reduced litigation and administrative churn.
No claimed offset may rely on denying lawful benefits, shifting costs to States or households, or counting a one-time sale as recurring savings.
The Internal Revenue Service shall maintain staffing, technology, taxpayer service, privacy, appeals, and enforcement sufficient to administer law fairly. Enforcement shall prioritize high-dollar noncompliance, complex evasion, abusive shelters, identity theft, payroll nonpayment, and refund fraud, while protecting low-income taxpayers from disproportionate burden.
Within one year, Treasury and GAO shall publish a report identifying Federal tax, spending, credit, insurance, leasing, procurement, and liability preferences that lack a current public-interest justification. Repeal or modification requires legislation where necessary.
Nothing in the illustrative fiscal analysis accompanying this Act substitutes for a score by the Congressional Budget Office or Joint Committee on Taxation. Agencies shall provide technical assistance and transparent assumptions.
Unless otherwise specified, dollar thresholds and authorizations in this Act shall be adjusted every two years by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Staffing-restoration comparisons shall use workload and real-dollar measures, not nominal amounts alone.
A new enforceable duty imposed on a State, locality, or Tribe shall be accompanied by sufficient Federal assistance or a waiver process unless the duty enforces a constitutional or civil right, prevents discrimination, or regulates conduct in interstate commerce that Congress may directly govern.
Fund recipients shall maintain internal controls, beneficial-ownership disclosure, conflict policies, performance measures, records, and access for Inspectors General and GAO. Small recipients shall receive technical assistance and proportionate requirements.
The President shall appoint, with Senate consent, a Director of American Restoration in the Executive Office of the President for a term ending six years after enactment.
The Director coordinates implementation but may not direct independent adjudications, Inspector General investigations, scientific findings, prosecutions, monetary policy, or the Restoration Council.
The Director shall maintain a public implementation plan and resolve interagency operational conflicts through lawful processes.
An Interagency Restoration Cabinet consists of heads of relevant agencies, OPEI, OMB, OIRA, OPM, CEQ, USAID, EPA, HHS, Education, Labor, Interior, State, Defense, Justice, Treasury, Commerce, Energy, HUD, Transportation, Agriculture, DHS, the Domestic Policy Council, National Economic Council, and other designated officials.
Within 90 days:
records preservation and data-access audits shall be complete;
the Restoration Council, OPEI transition team, and Claims Commission shall be operational;
agencies shall identify lifesaving, time-sensitive, civil-rights, election, data, and environmental emergencies;
USAID and domestic grant continuity plans shall be issued;
agencies shall suspend unlawful impoundments and publish obligation schedules;
OPM shall halt prohibited personnel conversions;
sensitive systems shall rotate credentials and review external access; and
the public portal shall begin accepting nominations and claims.
Agencies shall publish inventories, workforce plans, interim rules where authorized, emergency rehiring, grant reconsideration procedures, State and Tribal consultation plans, data-center proposed rules, civil-rights restoration priorities, and a first fiscal allocation from the Restoration Fund.
Agencies shall issue proposed or final rules for high-priority restoration, reopen priority missions and services, begin claims awards, issue the National Grid planning notice, restore USAID surge capacity, launch election grants, and publish a baseline performance dashboard.
By the end of year two:
essential staffing floors shall be substantially met;
high-risk rollback reviews shall be complete;
major privacy and data-access controls shall be operational;
Department of Education, HHS, EPA, USAID, labor, consumer, and civil-rights functions shall meet service-level benchmarks;
first data-center permits under the new standard shall be evaluated;
State, Tribal, and local grant systems shall be fully operational; and
GAO shall deliver the first independent implementation audit.
The Director shall shift from emergency reconstitution to durable modernization, backlog reduction, workforce retention, environmental remediation, grid construction, public-service redesign, international partnership, and correction of programs that fail performance or rights standards.
Metrics shall include:
restored obligations and lawful spending;
service wait times and error rates;
staffing, expertise, retention, and geographic access;
voting access and election security;
civil-rights complaint resolution;
air, water, climate, habitat, and remediation outcomes;
energy reliability, cost, transmission, and data-center impacts;
privacy incidents and unauthorized access;
education, health, labor, consumer, and housing performance;
humanitarian lives reached, local partnership, fraud, and global-health outcomes;
security-assistance compliance and civilian-harm monitoring;
claims resolved and communities repaired; and
verified savings, avoided costs, and revenue.
Data shall be accessible, machine-readable, documented, interoperable, versioned, and available through APIs where appropriate. Agencies shall comply with disability-access, language-access, cybersecurity, privacy, statistical disclosure, and archival standards.
GAO shall conduct annual government-wide reviews for five years and biennial reviews thereafter through year 15. Inspectors General shall audit agency implementation, data access, procurement, grants, rights, and fiscal integrity. Unresolved high-risk recommendations shall receive public agency responses.
The Director, Council, OPEI, Claims Commission, and principal agency heads shall testify annually before appropriate committees. Reports shall distinguish enacted authority, requested legislation, appropriated funds, obligations, outlays, outcomes, litigation, delays, and open risks.
An agency missing a material deadline or performance floor shall submit a corrective-action plan within 45 days. OMB may provide technical support or reallocate unobligated Restoration Fund amounts, but may not withhold unrelated statutory funds as punishment.
No substantive protection, right, agency, program, or enforcement authority created or restored by this Act automatically expires merely because a review date arrives. Congress retains its ordinary power to amend or repeal.
GAO shall lead comprehensive reviews at 3, 7, and 15 years after enactment.
Reviews shall assess legality, effectiveness, fiscal performance, rights, administrative burden, federalism, technology, unintended consequences, duplication, obsolete provisions, and need for amendment.
The 15-year review shall include public hearings in every census region, Tribal consultation, scientific review, State and local testimony, affected-person evidence, and recommendations to Congress.
Before an agency materially weakens a protection restored or created by this Act, the agency shall:
identify statutory authority;
publish the proposed change and underlying evidence;
evaluate reliance, rights, distribution, health, environment, fiscal, and implementation effects;
consider less harmful alternatives;
provide at least 90 days for comment, except a genuine emergency;
respond to material comments; and
obtain review by the agency Inspector General for procedural compliance.
This section creates procedural discipline, not an entrenchment against future legislation.
A rule, reorganization, grant termination, data-sharing arrangement, international withdrawal, or program reduction expected to affect more than $5,000,000,000, 100,000 beneficiaries, 10,000 employees, a nationwide civil right, or a major public asset requires 120 days’ notice to Congress and the public, unless immediate action is essential to prevent imminent serious harm.
A person may petition an agency to review an obsolete, ineffective, burdensome, discriminatory, or harmful provision of this Act or its implementing rules. Agencies shall respond to significant petitions within 180 days. This mechanism may recommend weakening or strengthening based on evidence.
Except as otherwise provided, this Act takes effect 180 days after enactment.
Sections concerning records preservation, impoundment, prohibited personnel classifications, unauthorized sensitive-data access, voting documentary-proof repeal, lifesaving foreign assistance, USAID legal status, birthright citizenship, Inspector General access, and temporary preservation orders take effect upon enactment.
Agencies shall issue required rules within 18 months unless a title specifies another deadline. Proposed rules shall generally issue within 270 days. Failure to meet a deadline permits an action to compel unreasonably delayed agency action, subject to equitable considerations.
Agencies shall protect lawful reliance, continuity of essential services, due process, collective bargaining, cybersecurity, records, and orderly transition. Restoration shall not require needless destruction of improvements made during a covered period that satisfy this Act.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to:
authorize censorship of protected speech;
regulate religious doctrine;
weaken criminal due process;
diminish stronger environmental, labor, consumer, voting, privacy, or civil-rights law;
authorize expenditure without appropriation;
confer a private right to compel discretionary foreign aid or military assistance except as expressly provided;
impair Tribal sovereignty or treaty rights;
displace constitutional powers of Congress, the President, or the courts; or
prevent retention of a policy adopted during a covered period that satisfies the objective standards of this Act.
Schedule A identifies actions receiving automatic priority review. Listing does not predetermine final classification, and omission does not prevent review.
Executive actions establishing or expanding the United States DOGE Service, departmental DOGE teams, mass data access, unilateral cost cancellation, deregulatory quotas, and workforce-optimization structures.
Schedule F, Schedule Policy/Career, and materially similar classifications.
Government-wide hiring freezes, mass reduction-in-force directives, return-to-office mandates applied without individualized operational analysis, and relocation or closure actions designed to induce attrition.
Direct presidential control of independent agencies beyond statutory authority.
Removal or obstruction of Inspectors General, ethics officials, whistleblowers, career prosecutors, scientists, statisticians, and other protected officials.
Ten-for-one, two-for-one, or other numerical deregulatory quotas that substitute counting for statutory analysis.
Withholding or cancellation of enacted funds without compliance with the Impoundment Control Act.
Blanket grant and contract terminations based on “convenience,” disfavored terminology, or unpublished ideological criteria.
Destruction, concealment, or off-system use of official records.
Unauthorized or insufficiently controlled access to Treasury, Social Security, tax, health, education, immigration, labor, or other sensitive databases.
Executive orders requiring documentary proof of citizenship or expanded cross-agency voter-citizenship databases without adequate accuracy and due-process safeguards.
The SAVE Act or materially similar Federal documentary-proof legislation, if enacted before this Act.
Federal actions facilitating mass voter challenges, inaccurate purges, intimidation, politicized prosecutions, or unlawful interference with election administration.
Executive actions categorically terminating lawful DEI, accessibility, environmental-justice, or equal-opportunity functions without program-specific legal analysis.
Executive definitions used to categorically exclude transgender or intersex persons from Federal rights, documents, services, employment, military service, or health care without individualized and lawful justification.
Categorical nonenforcement of disparate-impact standards authorized by statute.
Elimination or disabling of civil-rights offices, complaint systems, pattern-or-practice work, minority-health research, or minority-business programs.
Categorical denial of birthright citizenship based on parental immigration status.
Travel and entry bans lacking individualized security justification or unlawfully discriminating by nationality or religion.
Family-separation policies, zero-tolerance systems foreseeably causing separation, and inadequate reunification records.
Migrant Protection Protocols and third-country transfer systems lacking safety, counsel, and non-refoulement safeguards.
Categorical asylum suspension, “invasion” theories used to override asylum statutes, unlawful parole restrictions, and blanket benefit or public-charge barriers.
Suspension or dismantling of the refugee admissions program and refugee-support infrastructure.
Use of the Alien Enemies Act or military authority beyond statutory and constitutional limits for ordinary immigration enforcement.
Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement without adequate statutory, national-interest, and continuity review.
“Unleashing American Energy,” national “energy emergency,” “energy dominance,” coal-expansion, offshore-mineral, timber-expansion, and related directives to the extent they displaced environmental, fair-value, multiple-use, or consultation law.
Rescission of greenhouse-gas endangerment findings or vehicle, power, methane, appliance, air-toxic, water, chemical, coal-ash, or climate-risk rules without adequate legal and scientific basis.
Rescission of government-wide NEPA regulations and categorical shortcuts inconsistent with Title X.
Public-land, Alaska, Arctic, offshore, mining, drilling, timber, monument, endangered-species, marine-mammal, and habitat actions failing fair-value, environmental, cultural, or Tribal standards.
Abolition or disabling of EERE, climate science, NOAA research, ARPA-E portfolios, environmental-justice grants, or clean-energy deployment solely because of subject matter.
Executive actions accelerating Federal-land data centers or AI infrastructure through categorical environmental, water, labor, community, or grid shortcuts.
Executive or funding actions coercing States to repeal generally applicable AI safeguards without express congressional preemption.
Government use or purchase of commercial sensitive data to evade legal process.
Undisclosed biometric, location, reproductive, immigration, or political-surveillance systems.
Executive action to close or disable the Department of Education or transfer its statutory functions without Congress.
Reductions disabling Federal Student Aid, OCR, IES, special education, or education grant administration.
HHS reorganizations or reductions materially disabling CDC, FDA, NIH, CMS, AHRQ, SAMHSA, HRSA, civil rights, or emergency readiness.
Withdrawal from WHO without a lawful continuity and national-interest process.
Categorical termination of reproductive-health, LGBTQ-health, minority-health, harm-reduction, international-health, or climate-health work based on ideology rather than evidence and law.
Blanket nonenforcement or disabling of CFPB, FTC, NLRB, OSHA, wage, housing, fair-housing, community-development, Job Corps, senior-employment, MBDA, or EDA functions.
Blanket foreign-assistance pauses and dismantling or transfer of USAID without an Act of Congress.
Suspension of refugee and humanitarian operations without lifesaving continuity.
Categorical pauses or weakening of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act enforcement unrelated to case-specific law and evidence.
Security-assistance arrangements that purport to create automatic military integration, country-specific immunity from human-rights standards, or open-ended obligations without Congress.
Arms transfers or intelligence, surveillance, or cyber assistance lacking required human-rights, civilian-harm, end-use, diversion, or congressional review.
The Council shall prioritize first-term actions concerning the 2017 travel restrictions, family separation, public charge, MPP, asylum and refugee reductions, Schedule F, transgender military exclusion, Paris withdrawal, climate and methane rollbacks, power-plant and vehicle rules, NEPA and Endangered Species Act changes, public-land leasing and monument reductions, inspector-general removals, politicized civil-service actions, and comparable actions whose effects continued or were revived.
Title I deliberately defines the bill by objective legal defects and public harms, not by party label. That choice reduces bill-of-attainder, equal-protection, and viewpoint-discrimination risk while still reaching the rollback periods that prompted the legislation. Section 110 is especially important: Congress can amend statutes and express delegations, but cannot order courts to disregard a constitutional holding or reopen a final judgment merely because Congress dislikes it.
Title II solves the “we cannot possibly list everything” problem. Schedule A starts the review, while section 201 captures unpublished guidance, enforcement withdrawals, personnel changes, database access, grant cancellations, litigation positions, leases, and other actions not neatly contained in an executive order. The Council cannot rescind policy merely because it is conservative. It must identify unlawfulness, evidentiary failure, or disproportionate public harm. Temporary preservation orders are limited, reviewable, and designed to prevent irreversible injury while the record is built.
Title III converts appropriations and continuity principles into enforceable duties. It avoids an unconstitutional legislative veto: Congress receives advance notice and may legislate, but a committee or single chamber cannot cancel an executive action by itself. The Comptroller General and intended recipients receive pathways to challenge unlawful impoundment before funds expire.
Title IV abolishes policy-based at-will classifications while preserving ordinary discipline for misconduct and poor performance. It requires agencies to count the hidden costs of mass layoffs, including contractor replacement, lost expertise, service backlogs, litigation, and later rehiring.
Title V does not reject efficiency. It turns efficiency into a profession instead of a demolition brand. OPEI measures service quality, total cost, accuracy, privacy, cybersecurity, and long-term liability. It may recommend but may not abolish, fire, impound, or invade databases on its own.
The election title repeals documentary-proof requirements that would make registration depend on possession of particular papers. It preserves citizenship eligibility and penalties for knowingly false registration, while requiring government to use accurate, individualized verification. The provisions operate as an interim floor and defer to the more comprehensive American Vote Act where stronger.
The emergency preclearance mechanism is coverage-by-current-conduct rather than a frozen geographic formula. That design responds to constitutional concerns by requiring recent, repeated, or intentional violations and tailoring the duration and covered practices.
Title VII restores enforcement without turning equal opportunity into compulsory ideology. It permits evidence-based remedial measures but rejects automatic quotas and personal loyalty statements. It protects LGBTQ people while expressly preserving scientifically relevant sex-specific standards and constitutional religious protections.
Title VIII restores asylum, refugee protection, family unity, counsel, and immigration due process while preserving lawful border enforcement, anti-smuggling work, detention for demonstrated risks, and emergency operational authority. It does not create an unrestricted right to enter. It requires the Executive to administer the system Congress enacted rather than suspend it through a generalized declaration.
Title IX codifies the greenhouse-gas endangerment judgment and expressly authorizes system-based power-sector standards. This is intended to answer statutory-interpretation limits by making Congress’s delegation unmistakable. EPA must still demonstrate feasibility, reliability, and reasonableness.
Title X restores a broader Clean Water Act jurisdiction while using a material-connection standard and explicit exclusions to reduce uncertainty. Public-land leases are reviewed, not confiscated. Valid vested interests receive due process; fraud, inadequate bonding, and violations remain enforceable.
Title XI treats data centers as industrial infrastructure. The bill supports construction, grid investment, and AI competitiveness, but makes developers disclose resource use, pay attributable grid costs, protect water, control backup emissions, and negotiate community benefits when public subsidies are substantial. It preserves stronger State and local law.
The privacy title closes the data-broker loophole through which the Government may purchase information that would require legal process if demanded directly. It also applies strict access logging to Federal efficiency teams and contractors. The bill does not ban data use for public safety, fraud prevention, research, or emergencies. It requires legal authority, minimization, audit, and human review.
These titles restore the institutional platform. They do not freeze every 2024 organizational chart. Agencies may retain genuine efficiencies, close persistently failing operators, revise scientific portfolios, and modernize services, but must preserve statutory missions, due process, evidence, and continuity.
The Department of Education and HHS cannot be functionally abolished by workforce actions. CFPB and other regulators may prioritize enforcement, but may not announce categorical abandonment of statutes. Grants can still be terminated for fraud, illegality, material breach, or nonperformance, with reasons and transition.
Title XVI codifies that a general tariff is a tax requiring express congressional authority. It preserves ordinary antidumping, countervailing-duty, safeguard, and national-security statutes. Broad tariffs receive impact analysis, exclusions, time limits, and congressional approval.
Title XVII restores USAID as a congressionally grounded independent establishment. Foreign policy guidance remains with the President and Secretary of State; professional program administration and statutory continuity remain with USAID. The funding goal is ambitious but remains subject to appropriations.
Title XVIII is intentionally country-neutral. It does not target Israel or protect Israel, and it likewise does not target or protect Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Ukraine, Taiwan, or any other recipient. Every partner faces the same human-rights, end-use, civilian-harm, sovereignty, lobbying, and congressional-control rules. The title prevents “interoperability” from becoming an automatic legal commitment to join a war or surrender United States command authority.
Congress may amend the Administrative Procedure Act and expressly delegate policy choices. Section 1901 restores a bounded form of deference only where Congress delegated gap-filling and the agency acted reasonably after lawful procedure. Courts remain independent on constitutional and pure legal questions.
The major-questions provision does not eliminate nondelegation review. It prevents courts from using an amorphous clear-statement doctrine to override text and structure that reasonably delegate the issue. The remedies provisions seek a middle path: complete relief, classwide relief where Rule 23 is satisfied, and systemwide relief only where necessary and legally grounded.
Title XX relies heavily on the Transparent Government Act rather than building a rival portal. Title XXI creates a limited claims system focused on provable direct loss, not generalized political grievance or speculative profit. Title XXII distinguishes authorization from actual outlays and requires transparent offsets.
Risk. Removal protections for the Restoration Council, OPEI, or other officers could face challenge under evolving unitary-executive doctrine.
Mitigation. The bill gives OPEI analytical and coordinating authority rather than core prosecutorial or adjudicatory power; the Council’s orders are reviewable; the President retains constitutional supervision; and severability preserves functions if a removal restriction falls. A final introduced version should align appointment and removal language with the Supreme Court’s most current precedents at the time of introduction.
Risk. Courts may question standing, cause of action, or the scope of an order compelling expenditure.
Mitigation. Congress expressly creates causes of action for GAO and concretely injured intended recipients, identifies the duty, authorizes provisional obligation, and preserves ordinary equitable limits. The bill does not require expenditure beyond enacted appropriations.
Risk. A statute cannot require a future Congress to muster a supermajority or prevent ordinary repeal.
Mitigation. The Act uses procedural requirements for agencies, not a legislative supermajority lock. The 15-year review does not sunset the law. Future Congresses remain free to amend or repeal through ordinary bicameralism and presentment.
Risk. A bill expressly punishing “conservative administrations” could be attacked as punitive, partisan, or viewpoint-based.
Mitigation. The operative test is conduct-based and applies to any administration. Schedule A creates priority review, not automatic personal guilt. No official is punished for association, party, advocacy, or policy belief.
Risk. Cancellation of leases, contracts, permits, or grants may trigger due-process, contract, or takings claims.
Mitigation. The bill requires individualized review, lawful authority, notice, hearing, consideration of reliance, and compensation where constitutionally required. It preserves cancellation for fraud, ultra vires issuance, nonperformance, and breach. The Claims Commission resolves transition costs.
Risk. States may challenge Federal election floors and grant conditions.
Mitigation. Requirements are limited principally to Federal elections and rest on the Elections Clause, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, and spending power. State election administration remains intact, and stronger State access rules are preserved. Preclearance is based on current violations and tailored duration.
Risk. Race-conscious programs and disparate-impact rules may be challenged.
Mitigation. The bill emphasizes documented barriers, causal proof, legitimate-necessity defenses, less-discriminatory alternatives, individualized review, and constitutional tailoring. It prohibits automatic quotas and treats race-conscious measures as evidence-based, limited tools rather than permanent entitlements.
Risk. Courts traditionally grant the political branches broad immigration authority, while executive officials may argue for emergency discretion.
Mitigation. Congress is exercising its own Article I immigration power and clarifying that statutory asylum, refugee, citizenship, parole, and due-process schemes cannot be displaced by generalized executive declarations. Emergency operational authority remains robust but bounded.
Risk. Broad Clean Water Act jurisdiction can raise Commerce Clause and vagueness concerns.
Mitigation. Section 1001 uses material hydrologic effects, ties coverage to interstate waters and commerce, and requires clear exclusions. Federal-land provisions also rest on the Property Clause. Rules should be written with maps, examples, jurisdictional determinations, and prompt appeals.
Risk. Courts may view a generic deference command as intruding on judicial power.
Mitigation. Congress amends the APA, expressly identifies delegated gap-filling, preserves de novo constitutional review, and conditions respect on procedure, reasonableness, evidence, consistency, and record transparency. Congress may strengthen delegation in individual organic statutes through conforming amendments.
Risk. A court may characterize the doctrine as constitutional rather than statutory.
Mitigation. Section 1902 does not foreclose constitutional nondelegation. It clarifies statutory interpretation and is reinforced by explicit subject-matter delegations in climate, data, health, labor, consumer, and infrastructure titles.
Risk. Reporting, security-assistance conditions, and war-powers limits may encounter executive privilege or Commander-in-Chief objections.
Mitigation. Congress relies on appropriations, commerce, war, Armed Forces, foreign-assistance, and oversight powers. The bill does not direct tactical battlefield decisions. It conditions funds, requires legal authority, preserves classified annexes, and regulates long-term commitments and assistance Congress finances.
Risk. Expanded foreign-influence disclosure could burden speech and association.
Mitigation. Coverage depends on agency relationship with a foreign principal and material influence activity, not viewpoint. Journalism, academic work, diplomacy, legal representation, and independent advocacy receive safeguards. Disclosure, rather than censorship, is the principal remedy.
Risk. Government may argue that commercially available data falls outside ordinary warrant requirements.
Mitigation. Congress can impose a statutory warrant rule broader than the Fourth Amendment floor. Emergency access is preserved with rapid review. Publicly available data is defined to avoid criminalizing ordinary observation and research.
Risk. Broad compensation can produce substantial exposure and inconsistent adjudication.
Mitigation. Title XXI expressly waives immunity only for defined claims, uses proof and limitations rules, excludes speculative profit, offsets double recovery, and channels review to the Court of Federal Claims.
These figures are policy-model estimates, not a Congressional Budget Office or Joint Committee on Taxation score. They distinguish broad authorizations from probable outlays. Actual costs depend on appropriations, companion legislation, restoration classifications, litigation, economic conditions, and program take-up.
OPEI: $4.3 billion over fiscal years 2027 through 2031.
Election resilience: $18.5 billion over fiscal years 2027 through 2036.
EPA, climate, monitoring, and remediation capacity: $90 billion over fiscal years 2027 through 2031.
Grid, transmission, storage, resilience, and public and Tribal energy: $200 billion over fiscal years 2027 through 2036.
USAID and related development and humanitarian accounts: approximately $825 billion over fiscal years 2027 through 2036 under the stated 3-percent annual growth path.
Restoration Claims Commission: $15 billion initial authorization plus such sums as necessary through fiscal year 2036.
American Restoration and Resilience Fund: $225 billion over fiscal years 2027 through 2031.
Education, health, labor, consumer, housing, privacy, civil rights, lands, and agency reconstitution: subject to annual appropriations and companion legislation and modeled below.
One-year window: Base case of approximately $335 billion; plausible range $280-$395 billion. This includes the initial Restoration Fund, USAID, agency reconstitution, grants, claims, grid, environment, and election systems.
Five-year window: Base case of approximately $1.38 trillion; plausible range $1.20-$1.55 trillion. This reflects ramp-up, major grants and infrastructure, workforce rebuilding, environmental cleanup, and claims.
Ten-year window: Base case of approximately $2.53 trillion; plausible range $2.25-$2.85 trillion. This includes a decade of USAID, grid, and election authority, with later domestic appropriations assumed to stabilize.
Thirty-year window, constant 2026 dollars: Base scenario of approximately $6.8 trillion; plausible range $5.5-$8.8 trillion. This is a scenario estimate, not an authorization for all years.
Thirty-year window, nominal dollars: Base scenario of approximately $10.5 trillion; plausible range $8.0-$15.0 trillion, assuming long-run inflation near 2.2-2.5 percent.
Potential offsets should not be overstated. Plausible categories include:
Tax compliance and service modernization: $25-$70 billion annually at mature implementation, depending on enacted tax law, staffing, technology, and enforcement yield.
Procurement, improper-payment, and fraud prevention: $15-$45 billion annually, with strict protection against counting benefit denials as savings.
Fair-value royalties, bonding, and responsible-party recovery: $5-$18 billion annually plus avoided cleanup liabilities.
Energy efficiency, grid reliability, and health benefits: substantial economy-wide savings, but many do not score as direct Federal receipts.
Reduced disaster, pollution, disease, and litigation costs: potentially large but uncertain and realized over long horizons.
Reduction of unjustified tax expenditures and subsidies: depends entirely on separate revenue provisions and should not be assumed without enacted changes.
Primary beneficiaries: voters facing access barriers; Federal beneficiaries and service users; low-income and pollution-burdened communities; workers; consumers; refugees and humanitarian populations; States, Tribes, and local governments; public-interest scientists; and communities hosting major infrastructure.
Principal compliance costs: major data centers, Federal contractors, data brokers, high-risk security recipients, extractive lessees, regulated polluters, and agencies rebuilding compliance systems.
Cost shifting prevented: the bill expressly limits shifting data-center grid costs to households, Federal program costs to States without support, cleanup costs to the public, and “savings” produced by delaying legal obligations.
Lower-cost case: Congress appropriates only emergency restoration, USAID continuity, elections, privacy, and agency staffing; companion infrastructure Acts carry major investments. Five-year outlays could fall below $1.1 trillion.
Base case: Congress funds the major authorizations, phases claims and remediation, and realizes moderate tax/procurement offsets. Five-year net budget effect could be approximately $1.0-$1.3 trillion.
Higher-cost case: courts validate broad claims, infrastructure costs escalate, environmental liabilities prove larger, and staffing recovery requires premium compensation. Five-year gross outlays could approach $1.7 trillion.
Preserve records, credentials, databases, contracts, grants, leases, scientific files, and personnel records.
Stand up the Restoration Council, OPEI transition team, Director’s office, Claims Commission, and interim public portal.
Halt unlawful impoundments, prohibited personnel conversions, unauthorized bulk-data access, and destruction of evidence.
Restore lifesaving foreign assistance and refugee continuity where funds and partners remain available.
Identify urgent voting, civil-rights, public-health, environmental, education, and service-backlog risks.
Submit emergency appropriations and apportionment plans.
Complete agency inventories and high-risk preservation orders.
Publish proposed rules for Federal data access, data centers, grant termination, staffing floors, immigration due process, and public-land review.
Begin reemployment, rehiring, mission reopening, and contractor/grantee claims intake.
Launch election resilience grants and USAID humanitarian surge mechanisms.
Issue civil-rights and enforcement restoration priorities.
Classify the first tranche of rollback actions.
Begin obligation of Restoration Fund grants.
Reopen or reconstitute priority USAID missions, EPA laboratories and enforcement units, Education offices, HHS surveillance and research functions, and labor/consumer field capacity.
Publish National Grid Plan scoping and data-center impact methodology.
Implement public dashboards, workforce metrics, and data-access audit logs.
Begin environmental and Tribal remediation projects.
Complete all high-risk rollback reviews.
Meet core staffing floors and service-level targets.
Issue final rules for climate, clean water, data centers, data brokers, automated government decisions, grants, and civil-service protections.
Resolve the first major claims cohorts.
Achieve USAID continuity, partner diversification, and global-health restoration benchmarks.
Deliver first GAO government-wide audit and corrective-action cycle.
Transition from emergency reconstitution to modernization and performance management.
Complete major grid and public-infrastructure awards.
Reduce benefits, immigration, student-aid, civil-rights, grant, and permitting backlogs.
Scale environmental remediation, conservation corps, clean water, and data-center compliance.
Evaluate outcomes and terminate or redesign restoration programs that fail despite corrective action.
Institutionalize workforce pipelines and succession.
Integrate companion Acts and eliminate duplicate offices or reporting.
Expand international development toward the statutory policy goal if performance and appropriations support it.
Modernize legacy Federal technology and records.
Complete major claims and transition the Claims Commission toward residual cases.
Conduct the comprehensive national review, including regional hearings and Tribal consultation.
Reauthorize, consolidate, strengthen, narrow, or repeal provisions based on evidence.
No title disappears automatically.
Voters and election officials. Their interests are accessible registration, secure systems, stable funding, and protection from threats. The design responds with a national floor, grants, audits, anti-intimidation provisions, and tailored preclearance.
Federal career workforce. Their interests are due process, mission clarity, workable staffing, and safe whistleblowing. The design responds with merit protections, staffing floors, a reconstitution corps, and retaliation remedies.
States and local governments. Their interests are predictable grants, federalism, infrastructure, and manageable mandates. The design responds with funding, waivers, consultation, stronger-law savings, and cost-shift controls.
Tribal governments. Their interests are sovereignty, treaty rights, trust resources, consultation, and repair. The design responds with a Council seat, a government-to-government process, a consent standard, and Tribal claims.
Environmental and public-health communities. Their interests are restoration, enforcement, science, and cumulative-impact protection. The design responds with EPA and HHS capacity, remediation, environmental justice, and transparent standards.
Industry and small business. Their interests are regulatory certainty, affordable energy, due process, and workable transition. The design responds with clear thresholds, notice and cure, cost-benefit analysis, technology neutrality, and small-business assistance.
Data-center developers and utilities. Their interests are rapid interconnection, land and power availability, and predictable permitting. The design responds with national grid investment and defined permits, balanced by full-cost and resource rules.
Labor unions and workers. Their interests are bargaining, safety, wage enforcement, and transition. The design responds with participation rights, OSHA standards, wage-theft remedies, prevailing wages, apprenticeships, and reemployment.
Civil-rights and privacy groups. Their interests are strong enforcement and remedies. The design responds with restored offices, private relief, a data firewall, broker rules, and audit.
Religious organizations. Their interests are conscience and neutrality. The design responds with FAITH Act savings, no doctrinal regulation, and equal application.
Humanitarian and development partners. Their interests are program continuity, local partnership, and timely payment. The design responds with USAID independence, limits on blanket pauses, claims, localization, and contingency funding.
Defense and national-security agencies. Their interests are operational flexibility and protection of sensitive information. The design preserves classified annexes, emergencies, and tactical command while maintaining congressional and end-use control over long-term commitments.
Foreign governments and recipients. Their interests are predictable assistance and security partnership. The design uses country-neutral rules, clear suspension and remediation, and no automatic entitlement.
Taxpayers. Their interests are honest savings, effective services, and controlled long-term cost. The design responds with OPEI audit, verified savings, anti-fraud controls, scoring transparency, and limits on claims.
Executive-power opposition: answered by grounding key duties in appropriations, organic statutes, reporting, due process, and judicial review rather than committee control.
Industry cost concerns: answered by predictable thresholds, phased standards, technology neutrality, grandfathering of valid interests, waivers for reliability, and public infrastructure investment.
Federalism concerns: answered by focusing election rules on Federal elections, preserving stronger State rules, funding mandates, and using consultation.
Civil-liberties concerns: answered by no ideological tests, religious-neutrality savings, warrant rules, protected journalism and research, and limits on biometric surveillance.
Fiscal concerns: answered by phased appropriations, official scoring, anti-fraud, tax administration, fair-value assets, and no automatic permanent entitlement to every authorization.
Foreign-policy flexibility concerns: answered by emergency waivers, classified processes, continued tactical command, and country-neutral law rather than rigid country bans.
The American Restoration Act is a national repair bill. It creates a lawful process to identify and reverse government actions that broke statutes, withheld funds, dismantled agencies, weakened rights, misused data, or caused severe public harm. It does not simply say “undo everything.” Every action receives evidence-based review, and lawful improvements can stay.
It restores USAID, education, public health, civil-rights enforcement, environmental protection, labor and consumer enforcement, refugee and asylum systems, scientific integrity, and professional public service. It replaces ad hoc DOGE operations with a Senate-confirmed efficiency office that can audit and recommend but cannot fire people, cancel Congress’s programs, or roam through private data without controls.
The bill protects voting access, requires warrants for government purchases of sensitive data, regulates large data centers as major industrial facilities, restores public lands and clean-water safeguards, and prevents foreign military partnerships from becoming automatic blank checks. Security aid to every country must meet the same human-rights and end-use rules.
The Act is reviewed after 3, 7, and 15 years. It does not automatically expire after 15 years.
No. That would be both bad drafting and legally vulnerable. The bill reviews actions under neutral criteria: legality, evidence, rights, fiscal integrity, public harm, reliance, and statutory purpose. A policy adopted by a conservative administration can be retained if lawful and effective; a similar policy adopted by a progressive administration can be reversed if it fails the same test.
Congress cannot override the Constitution or reopen final judgments at will. It can amend statutes that courts interpreted, clarify delegations, create new causes of action and procedures, and legislate up to the constitutional boundary. The Act expressly says so.
It terminates ad hoc DOGE structures created only by executive action and replaces them with OPEI, a permanent, audited, professional efficiency office with strict limits on data access and no unilateral firing, cancellation, or impoundment power.
Yes. USAID is reaffirmed as an independent establishment, its workforce and missions are rebuilt, blanket assistance pauses are prohibited, and long-term development and humanitarian funding is authorized.
No. It requires lawful review, fair value, bonding, pollution controls, resource planning, and community protection. Valid vested interests receive due process. Major data centers can proceed under predictable energy, water, grid, pollution, and cost-allocation rules.
No. Citizenship remains required for Federal voting. The bill rejects paperwork barriers that can exclude eligible citizens and relies on sworn eligibility, accurate government records, individualized review, and penalties for knowing fraud.
No. It prohibits political loyalty tests, compelled ideological statements, and discrimination. Civil-rights compliance, professional competence, scientific integrity, and lawful job performance remain required.
No. The foreign-policy title is deliberately country-neutral. Israel and every other security partner receive assistance only under the same congressional, human-rights, end-use, civilian-harm, sovereignty, and anti-corruption rules. No country receives a blank check, and no country is singled out for unequal punishment.
No. The law continues unless Congress amends or repeals it. The review is a mandatory evidence and accountability process.
The legislative design was informed principally by official sources, including:
Federal Register and White House executive actions concerning initial rescissions, DOGE, workforce optimization, cost efficiency, regulatory quotas, Policy/Career personnel classification, independent agencies, energy, climate, elections, immigration, education, foreign assistance, tariffs, AI infrastructure, and related administration policy.
Government Accountability Office materials concerning the Impoundment Control Act, appropriations enforcement, Federal data-center electricity demand, and agency oversight.
Official Department of State, USAID-transition, Department of Education, HHS, EPA, DOE, OPM, OMB, CEQ, CFPB, and Treasury materials describing reorganizations, reductions, rule changes, enforcement policies, and program transitions.
Supreme Court opinions and dockets concerning administrative deference, Clean Water Act jurisdiction, climate regulation, presidential immunity, tariffs under IEEPA, and birthright citizenship.
The project’s full FAITH Act draft, which establishes conscience, non-entanglement, institutional accountability, safeguarding, privacy, and religion-politics design.
The project’s Transparent Government Act instructions, which establish the public portal, influence-contact disclosures, citizen questions, records, whistleblowing, and independent integrity architecture.
The text of the SAVE Act supplied in the project record, including documentary-citizenship proof, database, private-action, and criminal-penalty provisions.
Definitions precede operative use.
The review mechanism reaches named and unnamed actions.
Specialized project Acts control where stronger, reducing duplication.
Immediate, 90-day, 1-year, 2-year, 5-year, and 15-year deadlines are coordinated.
“Authorization” is not presented as an automatic outlay.
Elections: Elections Clause, Reconstruction Amendments, spending power.
Appropriations: Article I and Necessary and Proper Clause.
Civil service and agencies: creation and regulation of Federal offices.
Environment/data centers/privacy/economy: Commerce, Property, spending, and necessary-and-proper powers.
Immigration: naturalization and immigration powers plus due process.
Foreign aid/security: spending, foreign commerce, Armed Forces, war, and oversight powers.
Highest-risk provisions are removal protections, broad election rules, Clean Water Act scope, administrative deference, major-questions limits, foreign-affairs reporting, and systemwide judicial remedies. Each contains tailoring and severability, but all should receive current Supreme Court precedent review immediately before introduction.
Named administrators, deadlines, records, hearing rights, and judicial review are provided.
OPEI has useful tools but cannot exercise unbounded power.
Agencies must publish implementation and corrective plans.
GAO, Inspectors General, States, Tribes, affected persons, and courts have defined roles.
The fiscal note is illustrative and requires CBO/JCT scoring.
USAID, grid, environmental, claims, and Restoration Fund authorizations drive the largest direct cost.
Tax compliance, procurement, fair-value leasing, and avoided harm may offset cost but should be scored conservatively.
Principal risks are hiring bottlenecks, litigation, loss of institutional knowledge, contractor dependence, State capacity, incompatible data systems, rapid grant deployment, and overlapping companion Acts. The roadmap, reconstitution corps, public dashboards, technical assistance, and staged review address but do not eliminate those risks.
Whether USAID funding should be a fixed dollar path, a GNI percentage, or both.
Whether the refugee admissions floor should be 100,000, 125,000, or indexed to global need and domestic capacity.
Whether data-center thresholds should begin at 25, 50, or 100 megawatts and whether cryptocurrency mining should be expressly included.
Whether the Claims Commission cap should be fixed or separately appropriated by category.
Whether the interim election title should remain if the American Vote Act is enacted simultaneously.
Which provisions should be included in budget reconciliation, regular authorization, appropriations, or separate constitutional amendments.
The exact conforming amendments required across the U.S. Code, Federal Register, and companion project measures.
